Lidarr | Looks and smells like Sonarr but made for music | Media Player library

I was able to resolve this, unfortunately I won't be able to find out why this happened.

I tried removing and installing docker-ce and dependencies again. I wasn't able to remove due to containerd.service not stopping. I found it was set to always restart, which would normally make sense. I then ran sudo systemctl disable docker containerd and rebooted. I confirmed those services were no longer running by following journalctl output, looking for the usual restarting and core-dump errors from docker and containerd.

I ran sudo apt remove docker-ce and sudo apt autoremove again, then ran docker's get-docker.sh which reinstalled docker. I then ran sudo systemctl enable docker containerd and sudo systemctl start docker containerd. Docker is the same version it was before and the hello-world container and other containers of mine that wasn't previously running is now running successfully.