type-inference | hindley milner type-inference in python

(From the comments, mostly)

The closest I can imagine answering this in any way which is not just my opinion would be to point to some documentation that describes what the "TypeScript Type Parameter Naming Convention" is and compare it to the Java Generics tutorial document you linked.

If so, the TypeScript design team's official stance on this seems to be "we do not intend to impose any such conventions on others", or "there are no canonical naming conventions in TS". See microsoft/TypeScript#6168 and microsoft/TypeScript#878, specifically this comment:

[I]n general we're not interested in deciding stylistic things for people. Saying that there's One Approved Style for TS goes against our philosophy that we're here to provide types for JS regardless of how you're writing it (within reasonable parameters, of course 😉).

There's also ESLint's naming-convention rule and TSLint's naming-convention rule, which make it possible to enforce type parameter naming conventions in a linter-checked code base, but do not seem to do by default. So no convention seems to be official enough to be enforced by default.

For comparison's sake, let's take a look at the relevant section from the Java Generics tutorial document you linked:

Type Parameter Naming Conventions

By convention, type parameter names are single, uppercase letters. This stands in sharp contrast to the variable naming conventions that you already know about, and with good reason: Without this convention, it would be difficult to tell the difference between a type variable and an ordinary class or interface name.

The most commonly used type parameter names are:

• E - Element (used extensively by the Java Collections Framework)
• K - Key
• N - Number
• T - Type
• V - Value
• S,U,V etc. - 2nd, 3rd, 4th types

You'll see these names used throughout the Java SE API and the rest of this lesson.

Note that the enumerated list above is described as "the most commonly used type parameter names" and not "the only allowable type parameter names"; it is a list of examples and thus descriptive and not prescriptive.

The part that about choosing "single, uppercase letters" is closer to a prescription: uppercase letters tend to distinguish type names from variable names, and single-character type names tend to distinguish type parameters from specific types like class or interfaces. But I get the same sense that this is not so much a decree from on high but an observation about common practices.

So we could presumably stop there and say "there is no official or canonical type parameter naming convention in either TypeScript or Java, and any unofficial such convention is a matter of opinion."

But for the sake of trying to list out what I think the unofficial convention in TypeScript actually is, I'll go on. Keep in mind that it's my opinion and people could plausibly disagree.

I'd say that the Java naming convention laid out above aligns pretty closely with what I would consider the de facto naming convention for TypeScript generic type parameters: use a single uppercase character, either corresponding to either the first letter of what they represent, such as:

• T for "type", the most general and therefore the most commonly used type parameter name;
• K for "key", or P for "property", both of which tend to be constrained by PropertyKey or keyof T or keyof SomeInterface or keyof SomeClass;
• V for "value", most commonly used as a pair with K for "key";
• A for "arguments" and R for "return", corresponding to the rest parameter list and return type of function signatures respectively, like (...args: A) => R;
• N for "number", S for "string", B for "boolean, for type parameters constrained by primitives;

or some sequence of related types such as:

• T, U, V, W, etc., starting with T for "type" and then walking through the alphabet when needing more types, keeping in mind that you can only get a few this way;
• A, B, C, D, etc., starting from the beginning of the alphabet when you expect to use a whole bunch of type parameters and you haven't already used type parameters for something else.

Such conventions are not absolute, and will tend to be bent where necessary to avoid ambiguity or other confusion. If you need more type parameters than can be obtained above without name collisions, it might be desirable to add a character to the name:

• T0, T1, T2, T3, etc., appending numbers to get a sequence of related types;
• KT, KU, KV: prefixing K for "keys of" T, U, and V, respectively;

It is farther from what I consider conventional but still common enough to write short UpperCamelCase names to be more descriptive of what the types represent, with the drawback that they could start being confused for specific types and not type parameters:

• Key, Val, Prop, Arg, Ret, Type, This

The following is unconventional (remember, my opinion here!) and should be avoided unless there is some overwhelming extenuating reason to do so:

• Long names that look like interface or class names like InputType or Properties;
• Prefixing an uppercase T on a longer type name like TNotRecommended;
• Names that begin with a lowercase letter like t or u or myType;

Your observation that one of the examples resolves to never is accurate and you are not missing any compiler settings. In newer versions of TS, intersections of primitive types resolve to never. If you revert to an older version you will still see string & number. In newer version you can still see the contravariant position behavior if you use object types:

Concerning the types situation of this block

Here's a neat trick you can use. Create a wrapper function that does nothing but restrict and forward the types.

The second example seems to 'lose' the type information for the left side when the map(Either::right) is applied.

Adding some type 'hints' to the map method call should do the trick. So the testReactorEither will look like this:

You could get around the bool issue with just an overload:

You'll get one function that returns a value of common type of A and B. C++ is a statically typed language, so the type of cond ? a : b should be known at compile time. There are special rules to determine that common type. Informally speaking, it is a type that A and B can be implicitly converted to. If no such type exists, you'll get a compilation error.

For example,

producer.send is a method that accepts a record and a Callback, and Callback has exactly one abstract method, which accepts a RecordMetadata and an Exception. Therefore, if the compiler sees a lambda as the second argument to producer.send, it must be implementing the method Callback.onCompletion, and it must have two arguments, with the first a RecordMetadata and the second an Exception.

The point being: it's inferred from the type of the method that you're passing the lambda to.

printf works without type annotation because of type defaulting in GHCi. The same mechanism that allows you to eval show $ 1 + 2 without specifying concrete types.

GHCi tries to evaluate expressions of type IO a, so you just need to add appropriate instance for MergeStrings: