cpu | A simulator for a simple RISC CPU in C | Caching library
kandi X-RAY | cpu Summary
kandi X-RAY | cpu Summary
#a simulator for a simple risc cpu in c. before discussing the cpu module, we’ll first discuss a couple of the critical components. ###background: the cache is one of the fundamental building blocks of the modern cpu. to speed up performance, the processor will typically load information that is accessed from main memory into the cache. when the processor wants to get some data from main memory, it checks first whether or not that data is in the cache (if it is found in the cache, it’s called a cache hit). if it isn’t (called a cache miss), it will read from main memory, and load a certain block of fixed size around that data into the cache . this block is called a cache line. this is based on the idea of spatial locality, or the idea that if the data at a certain memory location is requested, data at surrounding memory locations will also be requested soon. also copied into the cache is the physical memory address of the data (so the processor can find the data in the cache). this is called the tag. there is also the index, which is calculated from the virtual address. this is used to address into the cache
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QUESTION
Giving a bit of context. I'm using c++17. I'm using pointer T* data
because this will interop with cuda code. I'm trying write a parallel version (on CPU) of a histogram creator. The sequential version:
ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-16 at 00:46The issue you are having has nothing to do with templates. You cannot invoke std::async()
on a member function without binding it to an instance. Wrapping the call in a lambda does the trick.
Here's an example:
QUESTION
This is pretty straight forward but after much Googling and experimenting, I cannot find the answer. I will use this as an example and then I can apply it to other scripts I am writing. When I run this command
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-15 at 18:34The Unicode output of WMIC encoded with UTF-16 LE with BOM (byte order mark) can be filtered with two FOR loops to get just the wanted data written into an ASCII encoded text file.
QUESTION
I'm trying to understand how the "fetch" phase of the CPU pipeline interacts with memory.
Let's say I have these instructions:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-15 at 16:34It varies between implementations, but generally, this is managed by the cache coherency protocol of the multiprocessor. In simplest terms, what happens is that when CPU1 writes to a memory location, that location will be invalidated in every other cache in the system. So that write will invalidate the line in CPU2's instruction cache as well as any (partially) decoded instructions in CPU2's uop cache (if it has such a thing). So when CPU2 goes to fetch/execute the next instruction, all those caches will miss and it will stall while things are refetched. Depending on the cache coherency protocol, that may involve waiting for the write to get to memory, or may fetch the modified data directly from CPU1's dcache, or things might go via some shared cache.
QUESTION
I have a generator object, that loads quite big amount of data and hogs the I/O of the system. The data is too big to fit into memory all at once, hence the use of generator. And I have a consumer that all of the CPU to process the data yielded by generator. It does not consume much of other resources. Is it possible to interleave these tasks using threads?
For example I'd guess it is possible to run the simplified code below in 11 seconds.
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-15 at 16:02Send your data to separate processes. I used concurrent.futures because I like the simple interface.
This runs in about 11 seconds on my computer.
QUESTION
I am programming in Python 3.8 with Tensorflow installed along with my natural language processing project. When I want to begin the training phase, I get this message right before I begin...
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Mar-10 at 14:44I would suggest you to use conda
(Ananconda/Miniconda) to create a separate environment and install tensorflow-gpu
, cudnn
and cudatoolkit
. Miniconda has a much smaller footprint than Anaconda. I would suggest you to install Miniconda if you do not have conda
already.
QUESTION
In this video, he shows how multithreading runs on physical(Intel or AMD) processor cores.
and
All these links basically say:
Python threads cannot take advantage of many physical cores. This is due to an internal implementation detail called the GIL (global interpreter lock) and if we want to utilize multiple physical cores of the CPU
we must use true parallel multiprocessing
module
But when I ran this below code on my laptop
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-15 at 08:06https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html
The math module consists mostly of thin wrappers around the platform C math library functions.
While python itself can only execute a single instruction at a time, a low level c function that is called by python does not have this limitation.
So it's not python that is using multiple cores but your system's well optimized math library that is wrapped by python's math module.
That basically answers both your questions.
Regarding the usefulness of multiprocessing
: It is still useful for those cases, where you're trying to parallelize pure python code or code that does not call libraries that already use multiple cores.
However, it comes with inter process communication (IPC) overhead that may or may not be larger than the performance gain that you get from using multiple cores. Tuning IPC is therefore often crucial for multiprocessing in python.
QUESTION
I just launched the emulator App by double clicking it. It loaded (loading time is 10 to 15 min) with an audio to accept Microsoft licence agreement and login with current Microsoft id. It shows the licence agreement window as shown in below image:
Hololens Emulator Licence Agreement
I could not click the Accept button. So I could not proceed further. I used alt+mouse drag to bring the hand, but either the hand does not appear or sometimes even if it appears and moves, no raycast to point on the button. I tried toggling the Use mouse, use keyboard for simulation check boxes.
Emulator version: 10.0.20346.1002
My device sepc:
Processor Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-7700HQ CPU @ 2.80GHz 2.80 GHz, Installed RAM 16.0 GB (15.9 GB usable), System type 64-bit operating system, x64-based processor
Windows Spec:
Edition Windows 10 Enterprise, Version 21H1, OS build 19043.1023, Experience Windows Feature Experience Pack 120.2212.2020.0
Windows SDK version - 10.0.20348.1
GPU: Nvidia Geforce GTX 1070, DirectX version: 12, Driver model: WDDM 2.7
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-14 at 18:48Thanks Hernando - MSFT for helping me. The Accept button in the Licence agreemnet window can be clicked by moving back and forth the hand using W,A,S,D keys.
Previously i thought that i should click using a raycast pointer. It would be nice if i can click using raycast because the current approach is very difficult for any new users.
Additionally, sometimes mouse and keyboard inputs doesn't worked for me. This is because the 'Use Mouse' and 'Use Keyboard' check-boxes under the Simulation Panel is disabled. We have to ensure they are enabled for using mouse and keyboard for simulation inputs.
QUESTION
On Mac OS X 10.7.5 on which perl-5.12.3
is installed, I needed to use the utf8::all
module so I have manually installed utf8-all-0.024 (Note the minimum perl version of v5.10.0
on its CPAN page) The make test
has failed but I've still installed it to see if it would work. It didn't work so I've decided to uninstall it. I've tried 2 methods given at perl.com the first method didn't work as it required perl-5.14.2
The second method gave this message:
ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-14 at 18:28You've made a mess of things by incorrectly installing the module. Specifically, you didn't install the dependencies.
Ideally, you should use the package manager that provided perl
itself. But they don't provide every module. So you'd use the non-package manager approach:
QUESTION
So , I have learnt that when we use the technique of pipelining in CPU , we may have to tackle some hazards such as data dependency between two instructions. I do get for example this data dependecy:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Feb-03 at 16:50We needed the adress of t0
Registers don't have addresses: they have names; they have positions/index in the register file, and, they hold values.
Only memory has addresses.
Since, lw, does need the correct value of mem[$t0] + 4
That lw
accesses mem[$t0+4]
, and it needs $t0's value so it can do the +
.
The lw
and sw
instructions compute an effective address:
QUESTION
I have a construct like this:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-14 at 13:43There are concrete efficiency losses because of the inefficient use of threads. Each thread requires at least 1 MB for its stack, so the more threads that are created in order to do nothing, the more memory is allocated for unproductive purposes.
It is also possible for concrete performance losses to appear, in case the demand for threads surpasses the ThreadPool
availability. In this case the ThreadPool
becomes saturated, and new threads are injected in the pool in a conservative (slow) rate. So the tasks you create and Start
will not start immediately, but instead they will be entered in an internal queue, waiting for a free thread, either one that completed some previous work, or an new injected one.
Regarding your concerns about creating busy waiting procedures, no, that's not what happening. A sleeping thread does not consume CPU resources.
As a side note, creating cold Task
s using the Task
constructor is an advanced technique that's only used in special occasions. The common way of creating delegate-based tasks is through the convenient Task.Run
method, that returns hot (already started) tasks.
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