incubator-nuttx | Apache NuttX is a mature , real-time embedded operating
kandi X-RAY | incubator-nuttx Summary
kandi X-RAY | incubator-nuttx Summary
Apache NuttX (Incubating) is a real-time operating system (RTOS) with an emphasis on standards compliance and small footprint. Scalable from 8-bit to 32-bit microcontroller environments, the primary governing standards in NuttX are POSIX and ANSI standards. Additional standard APIs from Unix and other common RTOSs (such as VxWorks) are adopted for functionality not available under these standards, or for functionality that is not appropriate for deeply-embedded environments (such as fork()). Extensive documentation can be found on the project wiki:
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Community Discussions
Trending Discussions on Embedded System
QUESTION
I'm currently writing some code for embedded systems (both in c and c++) and in trying to minimize memory use I've noticed that I used a lot of code that relies on integer promotions. For example (to my knowledge this code is identical in c and c++):
...ANSWER
Answered 2022-Mar-31 at 19:52Your question raises an important issue in C programming and in programming in general: does the program behave as expected in all cases?
The expression (brightness * maxval) / 100
computes an intermediary value brightness * maxval
that may exceed the range of the type used to compute it. In Python and some other languages, this is not an issue because integers do not have a restricted range, but in C, C++, java, javascript and many other languages, integer types have a fixed number of bits so the multiplication can exceed this range.
It is the programmer's responsibility to ascertain that the range of the operands ensures that the multiplication does not overflow. This requires a good understanding of the integer promotion and conversion rules, which vary from one language to another and are somewhat tricky in C, especially with operands mixing signed and unsigned types.
In your particular case, both brightness
and maxval
have a type smaller than int
so they are promoted to int
with the same value and the multiplication produces an int
value. If brightness
is a percentage in the range 0
to 100
, the result is in the range 0
to 25500
, which the C Standard guarantees to be in the range of type int
, and dividing this number by 100
produces a value in the range 0
to 100
, in the range of int
, and also in the range of the destination type uint8_t
, so the operation is fully defined.
Whether this process should be documented in a comment or verified with debugging assertions is a matter of local coding rules. Changing the order of the operands to maxval * brightness / 100
and possibly using more explicit values and variable names might help the reader:
QUESTION
Coming from C/C++ background, I am aware of coding standards that apply for Safety Critical applications (like the classic trio Medical-Automotive-Aerospace) in the context of embedded systems , such as MISRA, SEI CERT, Barr etc.
Skipping the question if it should or if it is applicable as a language, I want to create Python applications for embedded systems that -even vaguely- follow some safety standard, but couldn't find any by searching, except from generic Python coding standards (like PEP8)
Is there a Python coding guideline that specificallly apply to safety-critical systems ?
...ANSWER
Answered 2022-Feb-02 at 08:46Top layer safety standards for "functional safety" like IEC 61508 (industrial), ISO 26262 (automotive) or DO-178 (aerospace) etc come with a software part (for example IEC 61508-3), where they list a number of suitable programming languages. These are exclusively old languages proven in use for a long time, where all flaws and poorly-defined behavior is regarded as well-known and execution can be regarded as predictable.
In practice, for the highest safety levels it means that you are pretty much restricted to C with safe subset (MISRA C) or Ada with safe subset (SPARK). A bunch of other old languages like Modula-2, Pascal and Fortran are also mentioned, but the tool support for these in the context of modern safety MCUs is non-existent. As is support for Python for such MCUs.
Languages like Python and C++ are not even mentioned for the lowest safety levels, so between the lines they are dismissed as entirely unsuitable. Even less so than pure assembler, which is actually mentioned as something that may used for the lower safety levels.
QUESTION
I've been developing in C using eclipse as my IDE in my virtual machine with ubuntu, I've made some progress and I wanted to test them in the real product which is an embedded system using powerpc.
In order to compile that program for our product I use Code::Blocks in Windows but the compiler is a powerpc version of the gcc.
The same code is giving me an error in the powerpc version that doesn't appear in the ubuntu version.
I have two header files gral.h and module_hand.h as follows:
The gral.h file:
...ANSWER
Answered 2022-Mar-17 at 18:30In the gral.h header file, you define profile_t
using typedef
, then you redefine profile_t
with another typedef
in module_hand.h. You should just define the struct PROFILE
in gral_h and include gral.h in module_hand.h.
gral.h:
QUESTION
I'm working on some Linux embedded system at the moment and using Yocto to build Linux distribution for a board.
I've followed Yocto build flow:
- download layers sources
- build image
- flash image into the board or generate SDK.
Everything works great. However I was required to add some changes to local.conf, probably add some *.bbapend files, systemd services and so forth. So, I'm wondering how can save that local changes in case if I'll want to setup a new build machine or current one will be corrupted.
Should I create a custom image or layer that will inherit everything from a board manufacturer one and add changes and functionalities that are needed to me? Or something else?
...ANSWER
Answered 2022-Mar-11 at 08:27Generally when working on a custom project with Yocto, here is what possibly you will need:
First of all, you need to create your custom layer
QUESTION
I have a few large static arrays that are used in a resource constrained embedded system (small microcontroller, bare metal). These are occasionally added to over the course of the project, but all follow that same mathematical formula for population. I could just make a Python script to generate a new header with the needed arrays before compilation, but it would be nicer to have it happen in the pre-processor like you might do with template meta-programming in C++. Is there any relatively easy way to do this in C? I've seen ways to get control structures like while
loops using just the pre-processor, but that seems a bit unnatural to me.
Here is an example of once such map, an approximation to arctan
, in Python, where the parameter a
is used to determine the length and values of the array, and is currently run at a variety of values from about 100 to about 2^14:
ANSWER
Answered 2022-Mar-08 at 22:33Is there any relatively easy way to do this in C?
No.
Stick to a Python script and incorporate it inside your build system. It is normal to generate C code using other scripts. This will be strongly relatively easier than a million lines of C code.
Take a look at M4 or Jinja2 (or PHP) - these macro processors allow sharing code with C source in the same file.
QUESTION
I'm trying to build libc6 with a custom prefix by modifying the prefix=/usr
line in debian/rules
. However, this fails because the patch is applied multiple times. Curiously, patching another file does not result in the same error. I've distilled the failure down to this script:
ANSWER
Answered 2022-Mar-07 at 18:33The debian/rules
directory is special [citation needed] and shouldn't be patched using the usual quilt
commands. You can modify them directly before building the package or use the patch
command (patch -p1
in this case).
QUESTION
This is a time table, columns=hour, rows=weekday, data=subject [weekday x hour]
...ANSWER
Answered 2022-Mar-05 at 16:06Use melt
to flatten your dataframe then pivot_table
to reshape your dataframe:
QUESTION
I need to run numpy in an embedded system that has an ARM SoC, so I cross-compiled Python 3.8.10 and Numpy using arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc. Then I copied both executables and libraries to the embedded system. But when I try to import numpy I get the following error:
...ANSWER
Answered 2022-Jan-30 at 13:03I found the problem, it was a Python compilation issue. I used the following commands to compile Python and the problem was solved.
QUESTION
I am trying to write a special type handling for array data redundancy. The idea is to define and declare an array globally at compile time with fixed size, but the size is different to each declared array. This is the idea:
...ANSWER
Answered 2022-Jan-28 at 00:00I feel like a solution to this would be one of those macros that consists of two dozen sub-macros, and those solutions always make me decide to solve the problem some other way. Macros can do some things, but they're not a full programming language and so they're limited in what they can do.
I would just write a small utility to convert the raw data to C code and then #include that. You can compile the utility as part of your compilation process and then use it to compile the rest of your code. So your data.txt could just say "test 1 2 3 4 5 6 7" and your utility would output whatever declarations you need.
QUESTION
I am looking for an efficient way of pixel manipulation in python. The goal is to make a python script that acts as virtual desktop for embedded system. I already have one version that works, but it takes more than a second to display single frame (too long).
Refreshing display 5 times per second would be great.
How it works:
- There is an electronic device with microcontroller and display (128x64px, black and white pixels).
- There is a PC connected to it via RS-485.
- There is a data buffer in microcontroller, that represents every single pixel. Lets call it diplay_buffer.
- Python script on PC downloads diplay_buffer from microcontroller.
- Python script creates image according to data from diplay_buffer. (THIS I NEED TO OPTIMIZE)
diplay_buffer is an array of 1024 bytes. Microcontroller prepares it and then displays its content on the real display. I need to display a virtual copy of real display on PC screen using python script.
How it is displayed:
Single bit in diplay_buffer represents single pixel. display has 128x64 pixels. Each byte from diplay_buffer represents 8 pixels in vertical. First 128 bytes represent first row of pixels (there is 64px / 8 pixels in byte = 8 rows).
I use python TK and function img.put() to insert pixels. I insert black pixel if bit is 1 and white if bit is 0. It is very ineffective. Meybe there is diffrent class than PhotoImage, with better pixel capability?
I attach minimum code with sample diplay_buffer. When you run the script, you will see the frame and execution time.
Meybe there would be somebody so helpful to try optimize it? Could you tell me faster way of displaying pixels, please?
denderdale
Sample frame downloaded from uC
And the code (you can easily run it)
...ANSWER
Answered 2022-Jan-22 at 14:05I don't really use Tkinter, but I have read that using put()
to write individual pixels into an image is very slow. So, I adapted your code to put the pixels into a Numpy array instead, then use PIL to convert that to a PhotoImage
.
The conversion of your byte buffer into a PhotoImage
takes around 1ms on my Mac. It could probably go 10-100x faster if you wrapped the three for
loops into a Numba-jitted function but it doesn't seem worth it as it is probably fast enough.
Community Discussions, Code Snippets contain sources that include Stack Exchange Network
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Install incubator-nuttx
Open Settings.
Click on Update & security.
Click on For Developers.
Under Use developer features, select the Developer mode option to setup the environment to install Bash.
A message box should pop up. Click Yes to turn on developer mode.
After the necessary components install, you'll need to restart your computer. Once your computer reboots:
Open Control Panel.
Click on Programs.
Click on Turn Windows features on or off.
A list of features will pop up, check the Windows Subsystem for Linux (beta) option.
Click OK.
Once the components installed on your computer, click the Restart now button to complete the task. After your computer restarts, you will notice that Bash will not appear in the Recently added list of apps, this is because Bash isn't actually installed yet. Now that you have setup the necessary components, use the following steps to complete the installation of Bash:
Open Start, do a search for bash.exe, and press Enter.
On the command prompt, type y and press Enter to download and install Bash from the Windows Store. This will take awhile.
Then you'll need to create a default UNIX user account. This account doesn't have to be the same as your Windows account. Enter the username in the required field and press Enter (you can't use the username admin).
Close the bash.exe command prompt.
Use sudo apt-get install <package name>. As examples, this is how you would get GIT:.
There are two ways to get NuttX: You may download released, stable tarballs from either the project website. Or you may get NuttX by cloning the GIT repositories. Let's consider the released tarballs first:.
Download and unpack the NuttX tarball. If you are reading this, then you have probably already done that. After unpacking, you will end up with a directory called nuttx-version (where version is the NuttX version number). You might want to rename that directory nuttx to match the various instructions in the documentation and some scripts in the source tree.
Download location: https://nuttx.apache.org/download/
Legacy download locations: https://bitbucket.org/nuttx/nuttx/downloads https://sourceforge.net/projects/nuttx/files/nuttx/
The nuttx build directory should reside in a path that contains no spaces in any higher level directory name. For example, under Cygwin, your home directory might be formed from your first and last names like: /home/First Last. That will cause strange errors when the make system tries to build. [Actually, that problem is probably not too difficult to fix. Some Makefiles probably just need some paths within double quotes]. I work around spaces in the home directory name, by creating a new directory that does not contain any spaces, such as /home/nuttx. Then I install NuttX in /home/nuttx and always build from /home/nuttx/nuttx-code.
Below is a summary of the build targets available in the top-level NuttX Makefile:. Application housekeeping targets. The APPDIR variable refers to the user application directory. A sample apps/ directory is included with NuttX, however, this is not treated as part of NuttX and may be replaced with a different application directory. For the most part, the application directory is treated like any other build directory in the Makefile script. However, as a convenience, the following targets are included to support housekeeping functions in the user application directory from the NuttX build directory. The following targets are used internally by the make logic but can be invoked from the command under certain conditions if necessary.
all The default target builds the NuttX executable in the selected output formats.
clean Removes derived object files, archives, executables, and temporary files, but retains the configuration and context files and directories.
distclean Does 'clean' then also removes all configuration and context files. This essentially restores the directory structure to its original, unconfigured stated.
apps_clean Perform the clean operation only in the user application directory
apps_distclean Perform the distclean operation only in the user application directory. The apps/.config file is preserved so that this is not a "full" distclean but more of a configuration "reset" for the application directory.
export The export target will package the NuttX libraries and header files into an exportable package. Caveats: (1) These needs some extension for the KERNEL build. (2) The logic in tools/mkexport.sh only supports GCC and, for example, explicitly assumes that the archiver is 'ar'
flash (or download : DEPRECATED) This is a helper target that will rebuild NuttX and flash it to the target system in one step. The operation of this target depends completely upon implementation of the FLASH command in the user Make.defs file. It will generate an error if the FLASH command is not defined.
depend Create build dependencies. (NOTE: There is currently no support for build dependencies under Cygwin using Windows-native toolchains.)
context The context target is invoked on each target build to assure that NuttX is properly configured. The basic configuration steps include creation of the the config.h and version.h header files in the include/nuttx directory and the establishment of symbolic links to configured directories.
clean_context This is part of the distclean target. It removes all of the header files and symbolic links created by the context target.
Of course, the value any make variable an be overridden from the make command line. However, there is one particular variable assignment option that may be useful to you:.
V=1 This is the build "verbosity flag." If you specify V=1 on the make command line, you will see the exact commands used in the build. This can be very useful when adding new boards or tracking down compile time errors and warnings (Contributed by Richard Cochran).
The beginnings of a Windows native build are in place but still not often used as of this writing. The build was functional but because of lack of use may find some issues to be resolved with this build configuration.
Uses all Windows style paths
Uses primarily Windows batch commands from cmd.exe, with
A few extensions from GNUWin32
It has not been verified on all targets and tools, and
it still lacks some of the creature-comforts of the more mature environments.
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