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There is a library called cryptography which can do exactly this:

Okay, so I decided to just launch a new environment using the same exact configuration and code and it worked. Looks like Elastic Beanstalk environments can break and once that happens, there is no fixing it apparently.

The crashed happened here:

I completely recreated your configuration for minikube on Linux. Your Kubernetes configuration is fine. And I got the same response - 301 Moved Permanently.

After that, I changed these lines in the default.conf file:

I think there's also another way by using f-strings:

Thanks for providing a concrete example on this, you're very close! The encoding is absolutely the issue here -- the pubkey is correctly encoded in Python as bytes. That first byte of \x90, encoded as two hex values, is 144 in JS, and you can check that in Python with: int('90', 16) = 144.

So to verify your key, you can instead use the base58 package https://github.com/keis/base58 and do:

In this case problem was the lack of the Ingressclass.

To solve this problem:

In your first example, sizeof shellcode is the size of the array itself. In your second example, sizeof shellcode is the size of the pointer. It will always be either 4 or 8.
Change the VirtualAlloc and subsequent memcpy statements to this:

The b'' isn't a "string prefix", instead it indicates that you are dealing with a sequence of bytes. Bytes can represent anything, including a text which is just a series of characters in some encoding, like UTF-8, ASCII, etc.

That's what .decode() does, it takes the sequence of bytes and interprets it as if it were a string of characters in that encoding and returns a string of those characters. Conversely, you could then encode the resulting string of characters into some other encoding by calling .encode() on the string and you'd get the sequence of bytes that represents that string in that encoding.

However, you can't just take any sequence of bytes and 'decode' it as any decoding - the bytes will have a certain encoding if they represent some string, but the example you give (of an executable) doesn't represent a string of characters at all and thus won't successfully decode into a string if you just call .decode() on it.

If you're lucky, the decoding works on the parts of the executable that are strings in that encoding, but even that's not guaranteed to work, as the strings will be surrounded by bytes that don't represent that encoding.

If you want to extract strings from an executable, you need to correctly identify what parts of the executable represent strings, extract those sequences of bytes and decode them with the correct encoding. How to do that will depend on the operating system the executable is for, whether it's 32-bit or 64-bit, etc.

Note: many programmers new to Python or coding in general get confused by the fact that Python (for the sake of convenience) shows you a bytes object as very similar to a string (it looks just like string with a b before it), this is even more confusing if it happens to be an encoding that's UTF or very similar, as the contents of the bytes object will even be readable then. But that doesn't mean the bytes objects actually is a string.