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QUESTION
From this question I understood that
- structs can be allocated on the stack or in registers and not on the heap
- if a struct is part of a reference type object on the heap, the struct will also be on the heap
But how about a struct that is not part of an object, but a static member of a class like so:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-01 at 06:36Perhaps you missed it: Eric Lippert has mentioned it in a side note:
[...] and static variables are stored on the heap.
That's written in the context of
The truth is that this is an implementation detail [...]
Here's how the Microsoft implementation does it:
But why are static variables stored on the heap?
Well, even the Main() method does not live forever. The Main() method could end and some other threads could still be running. What should happen in such a case to the struct? It needn't necessarily be on the heap, but I hope you see that it can't be on the stack and not in a register. The struct must be somewhere for other threads to still be able to access it. Heaps are a good choice.
Code example where Main() dies:
QUESTION
Background information:
I'm using 64 bit Arch on an x86 system.
I'm not using libc or any language that depends on libc. I'm using a proprietary research language. I am making my syscalls through inline assembly.
I'm writing an experimental custom allocator for a research project, so a portable solution is a nice-to-have, but not a requirement.
My programs are statically linked and I am willing and able to rewrite the libraries I'm using to account for a given solution.
According to this SO post: Where is the stack memory allocated from for a Linux process? A program's virtual address space is organized like this:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-01 at 12:46After a lot of testing I've found the solution I proposed in the question does work. I've been using cat /proc//maps
to check my custom allocator, and it's behaving as I expected. To reiterate the solution:
To find the lower bound use
sbrk(0)
, make sure the ptr is page aligned, and then ensure thatbrk
andsbrk
are never called again.To safely approximate the upper bound find the stack size with
getrlimit
, subtract that from a ptr into the stack, page align the ptr, and then never change the stack size withsetrlimit
.
If you might need to touch brk
, sbrk
, or setrlimit
, then you can also add some padding to the lower bound and subtract some padding from the upper bound. You can dynamically compute a safe amount of padding by finding how much memory the system has with /proc/meminfo
, or if you don't need a general solution you can just over-approximate how much you'll need based on what you're doing.
QUESTION
I have placed ErrorComponent on top in the App.js, but it cannot navigate to Home screen. Is there any other way to do this? any guide will be appreciated. I tried How to use navigation.navigate from a component outside the stack.navigation but this doesn't seem to work in my case.
App.js
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-20 at 11:54This is because your error boundary is out of the scope of navigation, and that's the reason you're not able to use navigation props to navigate between screens.
withNavigation from react navigation will also not work here because of the scope. The only thing I think you can do is to create a reference of navigation props on component mount on your root component and set that in your react context or redux store and use it as a ref to access navigation props in your error boundary class.
QUESTION
I am investigating possible reasons that prevent the Rust compiler from optimizing certain code pieces. I found this comment in an issue in rust-lang that alerts me.
We must not optimize away storage of locals that are mutably borrowed, because as @matthewjasper notes in #61430, it isn't decided that the following is UB:
...
ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-13 at 08:41In the same thread, a bit further, there is this other comment by cramertj that I think explains a bit this issue. The code exemplified in this other comment is:
QUESTION
I installed Apache Cassandra with Zulu JDK 8 on an M1 Mac. Every time I try to start a server with ./cassandra -f
in the bin
folder I get an error saying,
ANSWER
Answered 2021-Mar-14 at 22:41Thanks to @Andrew,
I could find the stack size declaration in the jvm.options file, under GENERAL JVM SETTINGS
.
Changing,
QUESTION
I am making a WPF application for sales. What I want to do is to navigate to diffrent views while choosing whether I keep the navigation history (in case I want to keep a temporary instance of a transaction) or remove one or all history of navigation (in case I want to validate all temporary transactions) for example, I have a page transaction there is the case where I want to keep other instances of that page open temperarly or remove all instances if I am done with one or all transaction. I made a mainwindow that contain a frame . I want to navigate to a diffrent page inside the frame when a button is clicked while also choosing to keep or remove the navigation history. What I did so far was implement a window view model class and create a property (PageView) that is a enum that I can convert to the page view I want to show.
The pageview enum
...ANSWER
Answered 2020-Dec-16 at 20:09Just wrap the solution with NavigationService.RemoveBackEntry method in the behavior/attached property and apply it to your Frame in xaml.
QUESTION
Can anyone help me with to configure my django cookiecutter production setup to work with Gmail SMTP.
I have deployed my application using docker. Cookiecutter gives you to configure your app to anymail providers. I've chosen Mailgun however I didn't have an email address that has been verified by my domain provider. So, I couldn't register any user to my app because ( https://cookiecutter-django.readthedocs.io/en/latest/deployment-with-docker.html#configuring-the-stack) here it says you can't :)
I have tried to override the default email verification setting from "mandatory" to "none". However, it still threw 500. In below, I've added all-auth settings. I had to decide either to buy an email address or configure my app to work with Gmail Smtp or get rid of this email verification process.
settings/base.py
...ANSWER
Answered 2020-Nov-09 at 07:57You don't config email host and email from the sender. Try this
QUESTION
I am trying to follow along this tutorial on the stack in x86 assembly. It seemed to me that esp
is a register containing a pointer to the top of the stack - and to test this out I dereferenced esp
and tried to store its value in eax
. This gave me a segmentation fault, and I cannot figure out why. With GDB, I was able to confirm that this dereference caused the error:
ANSWER
Answered 2020-Oct-01 at 02:06In 64-bit mode, the stack pointer is RSP, not ESP. Using ESP uses the low 32 bits of the register, which isn’t a valid memory address.
QUESTION
In Java, when we locally declare a variable, it goes in the Memory Stack, while locally defined objects goes to the Heap.
...ANSWER
Answered 2020-Jul-07 at 18:36Primitives are a known size, up to 8 bytes. Storing a primitive on the heap would require up to 8 bytes of heap space and 4/8 bytes of stack space to store the reference (which is still required to see if the memory is still referenced - see the comment above by @akuzminykh). So it would potentially double the amount of memory required without giving any benefit. Stack space is also cleared up neatly, without having complex garbage collection, so as well as memory efficiency it also improves processing overhead.
A reference to an object is 4/8 bytes, while the object itself can (in theory) be any size, it would not be good to store this on the stack (as you pointed out).
QUESTION
As far as I understand:
- The OS kernel (e.g. Linux) always allocates a stack for each system-level thread when a thread is created.
- CPython is known for using a private heap for its objects, including presumably the call stack for Python subroutines.
If so, what is the stack used for in CPython, if anything?
...ANSWER
Answered 2020-Jul-05 at 06:37CPython is an ordinary C
program. There is no magic in running Python script / module / REPL / whatever: every piece of code must be read, parsed, interpreted — in a loop, until it's done. There is whole bunch of processor instructions behind every Python expression and statement.
Every "simple" top-level thing (parsing and production of bytecode, GIL management, attribute lookup, console I/O, etc) is very complex under the hood. If consists of functions, calling other functions, calling other functions... which means there is stack involved. Seriously, check it yourself: some of the source files span few thousand lines of code.
Just reaching the main loop of the interpreter is an adventure on it's own. Here is the gist, sewed from pieces from all around the code base:
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