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kandi X-RAY | memory Summary
A script for Adobe After Effects to save precomp layers with live preview
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QUESTION
I wrote a demo with some inline assembly (showing how to shift an array of memory right one bit) and it compiles and functions fine in GCC. However, the with Clang, I'm not sure if it's generating bad code or what but it's unhappy that I'm using memory despite the "rm" constraint.
I've tried many compilers and versions via Godbolt and while it works on all x86/x86_64 versions of GCC, it fails with all versions of Clang. I'm unsure if the problem is my code or if I found a compiler bug.
Code:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-16 at 00:48I'm unsure if the problem is my code or if I found a compiler bug.
The problem is your code. In GNU assembler, parentheses are used to dereference like unary *
is in C, and you can only dereference a register, not memory. As such, writing 12(%0)
in the assembly when %0
might be memory is wrong. It only happens to work in GCC because GCC chooses to use a register for "rm"
there, while Clang chooses to use memory. You should use "r" (bytes)
instead.
Also, you need to tell the compiler that your assembly is going to modify the array, either with a memory
clobber or by adding *(unsigned char (*)[16])bytes
as an output. Right now, it's allowed to optimize your printf
to just hardcode what the values were at the beginning of the program.
Fixed code:
QUESTION
Can someone help me investigate why my Chainlink requests aren't getting fulfilled. They get fulfilled in my tests (see hardhat test etherscan events(https://kovan.etherscan.io/address/0x8Ae71A5a6c73dc87e0B9Da426c1b3B145a6F0d12#events). But they don't get fulfilled when I make them from my react app (see react app contract's etherscan events https://kovan.etherscan.io/address/0x6da2256a13fd36a884eb14185e756e89ffa695f8#events).
Same contracts (different addresses), same function call.
Updates:
Here's the code I use to call them in my tests
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-16 at 00:09Remove your agreement vars in MinimalClone.sol
, and either have the user input them as args in your init()
method or hardcode them into the request like this:
QUESTION
I have trouble understanding the first line of code inside this implementation of the bsearch function in C. I understand the search algorithm itself and I have played around with this function to get a good grasp of it but I still do not get what
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-15 at 21:44Within the function you need to find each element in the passed array. However the type of the array is unknown. You only know the size of each element of the array and the starting address of the array that is passed through the parameter base0. of the type const void *
..
To access an element of the array you need to use the pointer arithmetic. But the type void is incomplete type. Its size is unknown/ So you may not use the pointer of the type (const) void *` in expressions with the pointer arithmetic.
Thus this declaration
QUESTION
Hey guys given the example below in C when operating on a 64bit system as i understand, a pointer is 8 byte. Wouldn't the calloc here allocate too little memory as it takes the sizeof(int) which is 4 bytes? Thing is, this still works. Does it overwrite the memory? Would love some clarity on this.
Bonus question: if i remove the type casting (int*) i sometimes get a warning "invalid conversion from 'void*' to 'int*', does this mean it still works considering the warning?
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-15 at 21:19calloc
is allocating the amount of memory you asked for on the heap. The pointer is allocated by your compiler either in registers or on the stack. In this case, calloc
is actually allocating enough memory for 4 int
s on the heap (which on most systems is going to be 16 bytes, but for the arduino uno it would be 8 because the sizeof(int)
is 2), then storing the pointer to that allocated memory in your register/stack location.
For the bonus question: Arduino uses C++ instead of C, and that means that it uses C++'s stronger type system. void *
and int *
are different types, so it's complaining. You should cast the return value of malloc
when using C++.
QUESTION
In C++20, we got the capability to sleep on atomic variables, waiting for their value to change.
We do so by using the std::atomic::wait
method.
Unfortunately, while wait
has been standardized, wait_for
and wait_until
are not. Meaning that we cannot sleep on an atomic variable with a timeout.
Sleeping on an atomic variable is anyway implemented behind the scenes with WaitOnAddress on Windows and the futex system call on Linux.
Working around the above problem (no way to sleep on an atomic variable with a timeout), I could pass the memory address of an std::atomic
to WaitOnAddress
on Windows and it will (kinda) work with no UB, as the function gets void*
as a parameter, and it's valid to cast std::atomic
to void*
On Linux, it is unclear whether it's ok to mix std::atomic
with futex
. futex
gets either a uint32_t*
or a int32_t*
(depending which manual you read), and casting std::atomic
to u/int*
is UB. On the other hand, the manual says
The uaddr argument points to the futex word. On all platforms, futexes are four-byte integers that must be aligned on a four- byte boundary. The operation to perform on the futex is specified in the futex_op argument; val is a value whose meaning and purpose depends on futex_op.
Hinting that alignas(4) std::atomic
should work, and it doesn't matter which integer type is it is as long as the type has the size of 4 bytes and the alignment of 4.
Also, I have seen many places where this trick of combining atomics and futexes is implemented, including boost and TBB.
So what is the best way to sleep on an atomic variable with a timeout in a non UB way? Do we have to implement our own atomic class with OS primitives to achieve it correctly?
(Solutions like mixing atomics and condition variables exist, but sub-optimal)
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-15 at 20:48You shouldn't necessarily have to implement a full custom atomic
API, it should actually be safe to simply pull out a pointer to the underlying data from the atomic
and pass it to the system.
Since std::atomic
does not offer some equivalent of native_handle
like other synchronization primitives offer, you're going to be stuck doing some implementation-specific hacks to try to get it to interface with the native API.
For the most part, it's reasonably safe to assume that first member of these types in implementations will be the same as the T
type -- at least for integral values [1]. This is an assurance that will make it possible to extract out this value.
... and casting
std::atomic
tou/int*
is UB
This isn't actually the case.
std::atomic
is guaranteed by the standard to be Standard-Layout Type. One helpful but often esoteric properties of standard layout types is that it is safe to reinterpret_cast
a T
to a value or reference of the first sub-object (e.g. the first member of the std::atomic
).
As long as we can guarantee that the std::atomic
contains only the u/int
as a member (or at least, as its first member), then it's completely safe to extract out the type in this manner:
QUESTION
I am writing a program in python to have a user input multiple websites then request and scrape those websites for their titles and output it. However, when the program surpasses 8 websites the program crashes every time. I am not sure if it is a memory problem, but I have been looking all over and can't find any one who has had the same problem. The code is below (I added 9 lists so all you have to do is copy and paste the code to see the issue).
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-15 at 19:45To avoid the page from crashing, add the user-agent
header to the headers=
parameter in requests.get()
, otherwise, the page thinks that your a bot and will block you.
QUESTION
I'm trying to parallelize a merge-sort algorithm. What I'm doing is dividing the input array for each thread, then merging the threads results. The way I'm trying to merge the results is something like this:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-15 at 01:58I'm trying to parallelize a merge-sort algorithm. What I'm doing is dividing the input array for each thread, then merging the threads results.
Ok, but yours is an unnecessarily difficult approach. At each step of the merge process, you want half of your threads to wait for the other half to finish, and the most natural way for one thread to wait for another to finish is to use pthread_join()
. If you wanted all of your threads to continue with more work after synchronizing then that would be different, but in this case, those that are not responsible for any more merges have nothing at all left to do.
This is what I've tried:
QUESTION
I'm trying to understand how the "fetch" phase of the CPU pipeline interacts with memory.
Let's say I have these instructions:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-15 at 16:34It varies between implementations, but generally, this is managed by the cache coherency protocol of the multiprocessor. In simplest terms, what happens is that when CPU1 writes to a memory location, that location will be invalidated in every other cache in the system. So that write will invalidate the line in CPU2's instruction cache as well as any (partially) decoded instructions in CPU2's uop cache (if it has such a thing). So when CPU2 goes to fetch/execute the next instruction, all those caches will miss and it will stall while things are refetched. Depending on the cache coherency protocol, that may involve waiting for the write to get to memory, or may fetch the modified data directly from CPU1's dcache, or things might go via some shared cache.
QUESTION
I have a generator object, that loads quite big amount of data and hogs the I/O of the system. The data is too big to fit into memory all at once, hence the use of generator. And I have a consumer that all of the CPU to process the data yielded by generator. It does not consume much of other resources. Is it possible to interleave these tasks using threads?
For example I'd guess it is possible to run the simplified code below in 11 seconds.
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-15 at 16:02Send your data to separate processes. I used concurrent.futures because I like the simple interface.
This runs in about 11 seconds on my computer.
QUESTION
I'm using create-react-app and have configured my project for eslint. Below is my .eslintrc file.
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-15 at 12:54You can do it by adding DISABLE_ESLINT_PLUGIN=true
to the "build" in the "scripts" part in your package.json
:
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