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One of the most basic approaches when you need a count of the number of times any element within a collection occurs for a given set is to use a Frequency Array. Very simply, a Frequency Array contains the number of elements that can occur for a collection. (e.g. with what frequency does the thing mapped to each index occur?)

For example, if you want to know the number of times any one alpha-character occurs within a line of text (ignoring case), your collection has 26-elements (the letters in the alphabet). So you would simply declare an array of 26-elements (usually int or size_t), initialized all zero, and then loop over the characters in your line of text, and for each alpha-character, you increment the corresponding element of the array.

For example, with the array int chars[26] = {0}; and for the line containing "Dog", you would simply increment: