CAST | Software for Exploratory Space-Time Analytics | Machine Learning library

calloc is allocating the amount of memory you asked for on the heap. The pointer is allocated by your compiler either in registers or on the stack. In this case, calloc is actually allocating enough memory for 4 ints on the heap (which on most systems is going to be 16 bytes, but for the arduino uno it would be 8 because the sizeof(int) is 2), then storing the pointer to that allocated memory in your register/stack location.

For the bonus question: Arduino uses C++ instead of C, and that means that it uses C++'s stronger type system. void * and int * are different types, so it's complaining. You should cast the return value of malloc when using C++.

Don't know about metal specifically, but in ordinary C, you'd want to put f and byteArray inside a union

Here's some sample code:

You shouldn't necessarily have to implement a full custom atomic API, it should actually be safe to simply pull out a pointer to the underlying data from the atomic and pass it to the system.

Since std::atomic does not offer some equivalent of native_handle like other synchronization primitives offer, you're going to be stuck doing some implementation-specific hacks to try to get it to interface with the native API.

For the most part, it's reasonably safe to assume that first member of these types in implementations will be the same as the T type -- at least for integral values ^[1]. This is an assurance that will make it possible to extract out this value.

... and casting std::atomic to u/int* is UB

You can use a type predicate to define a user-defined type guard like this:

You are missing the listener type configuration so the default conversion service sees you want a list and splits the string by commas.

All controls derive from Control. Therefore, instead of using the type Object use Control. Control has most of the members of these controls like a Click event.

Use outer apply:

You can use sort -V command to consider the proper versioning of files and then invoke copy command on each file one by one or a list of files at a time.

Barring the undefined behavior which can be easily be fixed, you're seeing the effect of denormal numbers. They're extremely slow (see Why does changing 0.1f to 0 slow down performance by 10x?) so in modern FPUs there are usually denormals-are-zero (DAZ) and flush-to-zero (FTZ) flags to control the denormal behavior. When DAZ is set the denormals will compare equal to zero which is what you observed