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From What's the difference betwen the single dash and double dash flags on shell commands? (ServerFault)

A single hyphen can be followed by multiple single-character flags. A double hyphen prefixes a single, multicharacter option.

Consider this example:

tar -czf In this example, -czf specifies three single-character flags: c, z, and f.

Now consider another example:

tar --exclude In this case, --exclude specifies a single, multicharacter option named exclude. The double hyphen disambiguates the command-line argument, ensuring that tar interprets it as exclude rather than a combination of e, x, c, l, u, d, and e