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QUESTION
I want to design and train a neural network for the automatic recognition of the edges, in some microscopic images. I am using Keras for a start, I may consider PyTorch later.
The structure of the images is rather simple, with some dark areas, and some clear areas, relatively easy to distinguish, and the task is to select the pixels of the contour between dark and clear areas. The transition between dark and clear is gradual, so my result is not a single line of edge pixels, but rather a 10 or 15 pixels wide "ribbon" at the edge.
I have manually annotated 200-something images, so for each image I have another image, of the same size, where the pixels of the contours are black, and all the other pixels are white.
I have seen many tutorials on how to design, compile and fit a model (a neural network), and then how to test it, using the manually annotated data.
However, most of the tutorials work on problems of classification, where the number of neurons in the output layer is the number of categories.
My problem is not a problem of classification, and ideally my output should be an image of the same size of the input.
So, here is my question:
What is the best way to design the output layer? Is a layer with a number of neurons equal to the number of pixels the best idea? Or this is a waste, and there is a more efficient way?
Addendum
- The images are "easy", but it is still difficult to find the contour pixels, so I believe that it is worth using the machine learning approach.
- The transition between dark and clear is a little gradual, so my result is not a single line of pixels on the edge, but rather a band, a 10 or 15 wide ribbon of edge pixels. Since I am after a ribbon of pixels, my categories should be "edge" and "not-edge". If I use the categories "dark pixels" and "clear pixels", and then numerically find the pixels between the two areas I do not get the "ribbon" result, which I need.
ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-10 at 10:11The short answer is "yes": it is a good idea to have as many neurons in output as you have in input, i.e. to output an image with the same resolution of the input images.
The network architecture will have an input layer with a neuron for each pixel, then typically the hidden layers will shrink to less neurons, probably with convolutional layers, and then some more layers will re-expand the number of neurons, up to the output layer, which in principle may have the same number of neurons as the input layer.
The most common architecture in this type of problem is the U-net architecture, described in the article "U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation", by Ronneberger, Fischer, and Brox, published on the open arxiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1505.04597.
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QUESTION
I'm working with PyTorch tutorial, slightly modified to use Titanic dataset. I'm using very simple network of Linear(Dense) with ReLU... I'd like to predict survival status based on age, fare and sex for example.
I experienced a strange behavior with a simple neural network (I'm experimenting on Google Colab). Sometimes when I execute training, the accuracy doesn't change at all. It's strange because I'm recreating the model...
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-04 at 17:03As this is a classification problem, your neural network's last layer should not have a relu
activation function.
Code Snippet:
QUESTION
My network is not trained to recognize inputs separately, it either outputs the averaged result or becomes biased to one particular output. What am I doing wrong?
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-30 at 08:52The matrix math of backpropagation is quite tough. It is especially confusing that the length of the lists of weight matrices and deltas (actually the list of bias arrays too) should be one less than the amount of layers in a network which makes indexing confusing. Apparently, the problem was due to misindexing. Finally it works!
QUESTION
I am trying to add a neuron layer to my model which has tf.keras.activations.relu() with max_value = 1 as its activation function. When I try doing it like this:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-30 at 06:06You can try this
QUESTION
I am testing something which includes building a FCNN
network Dynamically. Idea is to build Number of layers and it's neurons based on a given list and the dummy code is:
ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-27 at 05:48About model.summary()
, don't mix tf 2.x
and standalone keras at a time. If I ran you model in tf 2.x
, I get the expected results.
QUESTION
I am doing a CNN online course assignment which builds a convolutional model. The instructions are listed as following:
Exercise 2 - convolutional_model
Implement the convolutional_model function below to build the following model: CONV2D -> RELU -> MAXPOOL -> CONV2D -> RELU -> MAXPOOL -> FLATTEN -> DENSE. Use the functions above!
Also, plug in the following parameters for all the steps:
- Conv2D: Use 8 4 by 4 filters, stride 1, padding is "SAME"
- ReLU
- MaxPool2D: Use an 8 by 8 filter size and an 8 by 8 stride, padding is "SAME"
- Conv2D: Use 16 2 by 2 filters, stride 1, padding is "SAME"
- ReLU
- MaxPool2D: Use a 4 by 4 filter size and a 4 by 4 stride, padding is "SAME"
- Flatten the previous output.
- Fully-connected (Dense) layer: Apply a fully connected layer with 6 neurons and a softmax activation.
The code is here:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-26 at 15:11You (accidentally) use commas (,
) at the end of each layer which is not right when you build the model. Remove the commas and it should work.
QUESTION
I'm testing a basic neural network model. But before go any further I've encountered this error shown in the screenshot.
Here is my code:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-26 at 13:44You should not mix tf 2.x
and standalone keras
. You should import as follows
QUESTION
I am performing a NLP task where I analyze a document and classify it into one of six categories. However, I do this operation at three different time periods. So the final output is an array of three integers (sparse), where each integer is the category 0-5. So a label looks like this: [1, 4, 5]
.
I am using BERT and am trying to decide what type of head I should attach to it, as well as what type of loss function I should use. Would it make sense to use BERT's output of size 1024
and run it through a Dense
layer with 18 neurons, then reshape into something of size (3,6)
?
Finally, I assume I would use Sparse Categorical Cross-Entropy as my loss function?
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-24 at 15:46In a typical setup you take a CLS
output of BERT (a vector of length 768 in case of bert-base
and 1024 in case of bert-large
) and add a classification head (it may be a simple Dense layer with dropout). In this case the inputs are word tokens and the output of the classification head is a vector of logits for each class, and usually a regular Cross-Entropy loss function is used. Then you apply softmax
to it and get probability-like scores for each class, or if you apply argmax
you will get the winning class. So the result might be either vector of classification scores [1x6] or the dominant class index (an integer).
You can simply concatenate 3 such networks (for each time period) to get the desired result.
Obviously, I have described only one possible solution. But as it is usually provide good results I suggest you try it before moving over to more complex ones.
Finally, Sparse Categorical Cross-Entropy loss is used when output is sparse (say [4]
) and regular Categorical Cross-Entropy loss is used when output is one-hot encoded (say [0 0 0 0 1 0]
). Otherwise they are absolutely the same.
QUESTION
I a newbie to python and learning neural networks. I have a trained 3 layer feed forward neural network with 2 neurons in the hidden layer and 3 in the output layer. I am wondering that how to calculate the output layer values/ predicted output
I have weights and biases extracted from the network and activation values calculated of the hidden layer. I just want to confirm that how can I use softmax
function to calculate the out put of the output layer neurons?
My implementation is as follows:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-22 at 16:29Your output would be the matrix multiplication of weights_from_hiddenLayer_to_OutputLayer
and the previous activations.
You can then pass it through the softmax function to get a probability distribution and use argmax
as you guessed to get the corresponding class.
QUESTION
I am attempting to reduce the dimensionality of a categorical feature by extracting an embedding layer from a neural net and using it as an input feature in a separate XGBoost model.
An embedding layer has the dimensions (nr. unique categories + 1, chosen output size). How can it be concatenated to the continuous variables in the original training data with the dimensions (nr. observations, nr. features)?
Below is a reproducible example of regression with a neural net, in which a categorical feature is encoded as a learned embedding layer. The example is closely adapted from: http://machinelearningmechanic.com/keras/2018/03/09/keras-regression-with-categorical-variable-embeddings-md.html#Define-the-input-layers
At the end I have printed the embedding layer and its shape. How can this layer be merged with the continuous features in the original training data (X_train_continuous)? If the number of rows were equal to the number of categories and if we knew the order in which categories are represented in the embedding layer, the embedding array could perhaps be joined to the training observations on category, but instead the number of rows equals the number of categories + 1 (in the code: len(values) + 1).
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-19 at 20:56One thing you can do is to run your 'pretrained' model with each layer having a unique name and save it
Then, create your new model, with the same named layers you want to keep, and use Model.load_weights(file_path, by_name=True)
This will let you keep all of the layers that you want and let you change everything afterwards
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