bit-mask | An NPM for creating and altering bitmasks | Runtime Evironment library
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kandi X-RAY | bit-mask Summary
An NPM for creating and altering bitmasks
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QUESTION
I'm looking for an efficient way to bit shift left (<<
) 10 bit values that are stored within a byte array using C++/Win32.
I am receiving an uncompressed 4:2:2 10 bit video stream via UDP, the data is stored within an unsigned char array due to the packaging of the bits.
The data is always sent so that groups of pixels finish on a byte boundary (in this case, 4 pixels sampled at a bit-depth of 10 use 5 bytes):
The renderer I am using (Media Foundation Enhanced Video Renderer) requires that 10 bit values are placed into a 16 bit WORD with 6 padding bits to the right, whilst this is annoying I assume it's to help them ensure a 1-byte memory alignment:
What is an efficient way of left shifting each 10 bit value 6 times (and moving to a new array if needed)? Although I will be receiving varying lengths of data, they will always be comprised of these 40 bit blocks.
I'm sure a crude loop would suffice with some bit-masking(?) but that sounds expensive to me and I have to process 1500 packets/second, each with ~1200 bytes of payload.
Edit for clarity
Example Input:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Mar-22 at 05:55This does the job:
QUESTION
This is a partial code for a bit-masking problem. I have n sets of colored balls and each set has 10 types of balls. For each set the types of balls present is given by a bit-mask string, like "0000000001" means only type one ball is present. I am creating 2^n size array for each possible combination of "sets" and assigning the strings to those combinations. In the given snippet, I am assigning each individual set in the 2^n array with it's corresponding string/balls distribution.
This snippet is using 2^n sized string array and it gives seg-fault after 4 assignments. I have also tried with a 2^n sized integer array, it gives seg-fault after 10 assignments. I have also tried vector instead of array.
The code works perfectly for small n like 5, 10. However, I am getting errors for n=100.
...ANSWER
Answered 2020-Sep-14 at 18:091<<100 = 1267650600228229401496703205376
. You will not be able to create an array that large.
As mentioned in the comments, if you are allocating memory dynamically, you should be allocating it on the heap using new
.
Also, it is bad practice to use #include
.
QUESTION
Consider we are defining a class that:
- Many instances of that class will be created
- We must store under 32 flags in each instance that keeps states or some options, etc.
- Defining flags count is fixed and we no-need to keep it in an enumerable variable in runtime. (say we can define separate bool variables, rather than one bool array)
- Some properties (from each instance) is depended on our flags (or options) And flags states Will be used (read/write) in a hot call path in our application.
Note: Performance is important for us in that Application.
And As assumptions #1 and #4 dictated, we must care about both speed and memory-load in balance
Obviously we can implement our class in several ways. For example defining a flags Enum
field, Or using a BitVector
, Or defining separate (bool
or Enum
or int
...) variables, Or else defining uint
variable and using bit-masks, to keep the state in each instance. But:
Which is The Most Efficient way to keep status flags for this situation?
Is it ( = the most efficient way) deeply depends on current in-using tools such as Compiler or even Runtime (CLR)?
ANSWER
Answered 2019-Dec-28 at 18:22As no body answered my question, and I performed some tests and researches, I will answer it myself and I hope to be usable for others:
Which is The Most Efficient way to keep status flags for this situation?
Because the computer will align data in memory according to the processor architecture ,Even in C# (as a high level language), still It is generally a good advise to avoid separate boolean fields in classes.
- Using bit-mask based solutions (same as flags
Enum
orBitVector32
or manual bit-mask operations) is preferable. For two or more boolean values, it’s a better solution in memory-load and is fast. But when we have a single boolean state var, this is useless.
Generally we can say if we choose flags Enum
or else BitVector32
as solution, it should be almost as fast as we expect for a manual bit-masked operations in C# in most cases.
When we need to use various small numeric ranges in addition to boolean values as state,
BitVector32
is helpful as an existing util that helps us to keep our states in one variable and saving memory-load.We may prefer to use flags
Enum
to make our code more maintainable and clear.
Also we can say about the 2'nd part of the question
Is it ( = the most efficient way) deeply depends on current in-using tools such as Compiler or even Runtime (CLR)?
Partially Yes.
When we choose each one of mentioned solutions (rather than manual bitwise operations), the performance is depended on compiler optimization that will do (for example in method calls we made when we were using BitVector32
or Enum
and or enum operations, etc). So optimizations will boost up our code, and it seems this is common in C#, but for every solution rather than manual bitwise operations, with tools rather than .net official, it is better to be tested in that case.
QUESTION
I want to store 2D arrays of different length as an AwkwardArray, store them as Parquet, and later access them again.
The problem is that, after loading from Parquet, the format is BitMaskedArray
and the access performance is a bit slow. Demonstrated by the following code:
ANSWER
Answered 2019-Dec-11 at 02:37In both Arrow and Parquet, all data is nullable, so Arrow/Parquet writers are free to throw in bitmasks wherever they want to. When reading the data back, Awkward has to treat those bitmasks as meaningful (mapping them to awkward.BitMaskedArray
), but they might be all valid, particularly if you know that you didn't set any values to null
.
If you're willing to ignore the bitmask, you can reach behind it by calling
QUESTION
Writing a ZMM register can leave a Skylake-X (or similar) CPU in a state of reduced max-turbo indefinitely. (SIMD instructions lowering CPU frequency and Dynamically determining where a rogue AVX-512 instruction is executing) Presumably Ice Lake is similar.
(Workaround: not a problem for zmm16..31, according to @BeeOnRope's comments which I quoted in Is it useful to use VZEROUPPER if your program+libraries contain no SSE instructions?
So this strlen could just use vpxord xmm16,xmm16,xmm16
and vpcmpeqb
with zmm16.)
@BeeOnRope posted test code in an RWT thread: replace vbroadcastsd zmm15, [zero_dp]
with vpcmpeqb k0, zmm0, [rdi]
as the "dirtying" instruction and see if the loop after that runs slow or fast.
I assume executing any 512-bit uop will trigger reduced turbo temporarily (along with shutting down port 1 for vector ALU uops while the 512-bit uop is actually in the back-end), but the question is: Will the CPU recover on its own if you never use vzeroupper
after just reading a ZMM register?
(And/or will later SSE or AVX instructions have transition penalties or false dependencies?)
Specifically, does a strlen
using insns like this need a vzeroupper
before returning? (In practice on any real CPU, and/or as documented by Intel for future-proof best practices.) Assume that later instructions may include non-VEX SSE and/or VEX-encoded AVX1/2, not just GP integer, in case that's relevant to a dirty-upper-256 situation keeping turbo reduced.
ANSWER
Answered 2019-Oct-28 at 18:32No, a vpcmpeqb
into a mask register does not trigger slow mode if you use a zmm
register as one of the comparands, at least on SKX.
This is also true of any of any other instruction (as far as I tested) which only reads the key 512-bit registers (the key registers being zmm0
- zmm15
). For example, vpxord zmm16, zmm0, zmm1
also does not dirty the uppers because while it involves zmm1
and zmm0
which are key registers, it only reads from them while writing zmm16
which is not a key register.
I tested this using avx-turbo on a Xeon W-2104, which has a nominal speed of 3.2 GHz, L1 turbo license (AVX2 turbo) of 2.8 GHz, and a L2 license (AVX-512 turbo) of 2.4 GHz. I used the --dirty-upper
option to dirty the uppers before each test with vpxord zmm15, zmm14, zmm15
. This causes any test that uses any SIMD registers at all (including scalar SSE FP) to run at the slower 2.8 GHz speed, as shown in these results (look at the A/M-MHz column for cpu frequency):
QUESTION
I recently ran across this code from a stackoverflow question:
...ANSWER
Answered 2019-May-14 at 22:41From the documentation (thanks @HFBrowning):
[@unique is] a class decorator specifically for enumerations. It searches an enumeration’s members gathering any aliases it finds; if any are found ValueError is raised with the details
Basically, it raises an error if there are any duplicate enumeration values.
This code
QUESTION
I'm coding a personal project in Java right now and have recently been using bit operations for the first time. I was trying to convert two bytes into a short, with one byte being the upper 8 bits and the other being the lower 8 bits.
I ran into an error when running the first line of code below.
Incorrect Results ...ANSWER
Answered 2018-Dec-27 at 00:53Print the intermediate value directly to see what is going on. Like,
QUESTION
In order to speed up my Java Code for a problem, I have been working specifically on a Class that does bit-wise operations with 128Bits by manipulating two longs (See implementation). I also actually only need this datastructure for 100 Bits, but i figured there was no better way to implement this.
...ANSWER
Answered 2018-Dec-22 at 02:18What you did is profiling rather than benchmarking. For benchmarking, there's JMH which is close to perfect. I'm not sure about profilers, but most of them lie. A lot.
In case you really need to avoid allocations, you may re-use some object in tight loops. You should definitely use no pooling as for such tiny objects it has way more overhead the allocation and GC together.
How to minimize allocationsI strongly dislike your naming, so I'll use my own. You could extend the set of your operations like this
QUESTION
I am doing an ARKit app for my IT assignment and I followed a guide to bit-masking and collision and I got it to work however it only works with a simple box and not my 3D model so is there a way to convert this code to the one at the bottom or am I doing something wrong? because the top code doesn't appear however the bottom one does:
...ANSWER
Answered 2017-Oct-24 at 10:55Use: SCNReferenceNode
Website: [1]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/scenekit/scnreferencenode/
Usage: Define the Path and use that as the reference Node
QUESTION
I am currently working on some networking code (this is my first server) and had a quick question about optimizing a specific function which writes values as bits and then packs them into a byte. The reason for optimizing this function is because it is used thousands of times each server tick for packing data to be sent to several clients.
An example may serve better in order to explain what the function tries to accomplish:
The value 3 can be represented by two bits.
In binary, it would look like 00000011
. The function would turn this binary value into 11000000
. When the function is called again, it would know to start from the 3rd most significant bit (3rd from the right/decimal 32) and write at most up to 6 bits into the current byte. If then there were remaining bits to write, it would start on a new byte.
The purpose of this is to save space if you have multiple values that can be less than byte.
My current function looks like this:
...ANSWER
Answered 2018-Feb-16 at 06:17What about something like this?
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