is-type-of | complete type checking for node | Runtime Evironment library
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complete type checking for node
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QUESTION
This is highly related to this post first -> How to do this type of testing in Dataflow(called feature testing at twitter)?
We have some code like this in production
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Apr-09 at 21:47In general, like in your other question, my advice would be the following:
- To step through your pipeline, you can write a unit test that you run with your IDE, and it will run in the DirectRunner. This allows you to step through your pipeline easily. This is not running in Dataflow, but rather locally - it's still valuable.
You can set breakpoints in expand, which will be hit at pipeline construction time. You can set breakpoints in the process of a DoFn, or split, read for Sources - these will be hit at pipeline execution time.
- Advice on writing pipelines that are debuggable - well, in this case, my advice would be to write composable transforms that can be tested individually. You can use various test utilities that Beam has to write tests for your pipelines. See: https://beam.apache.org/documentation/pipelines/test-your-pipeline/
Some of the most valuable test uitilities are PAssert, TestStream, and TestPipeline. I recommend you review the page I shared, and see if these utilities will help.
For your particular pipeline, I might think that you can separate the PTransform into smaller sections, and write simple unit tests for each section.
QUESTION
After seeing this question on how to recreate this graph from the economist in ggplot2, I decided to attempt this myself from scratch (since no code or data was provided), as I found this quite interesting.
Here is what I have managed to do so far:
I was able to do this with relative ease. However, I am struggling with putting pie charts. Because ggplot uses cartesian coordinates to make pie charts, I can't have bars and pies on the same graph. So I discovered geom_arc_bar() from ggforce, which does allow pies on cartesian coordinate system. However, the issue is with coord_fixed(). I can get the pies to align but I cannot get the circular shape without coord_fixed(). However, with coord_fixed(), I can't get the graph to match the height of Economist graph. Without coord_fixed() I can, but the pies are ovals rather than circles. See below:
With coord_fixed():
Without coord_fixed():
The other option that I have tried is to make a series of pie charts separately and then combine the plots together. However, I struggled to get the plots aligned with gridExtra and other alternatives. I did combining with paint. Obviously this works, but is not programmatic. I need a solution that is 100% based in R.
My solution with pasting separate images from R in paint:
Anybody with a solution to this problem? I think it is an interesting question to answer and I have provided a starting point. I am open to any suggestions, also feel free to suggest an entirely different approach, as I acknowledge that mine is not the best. Thanks!
CODE:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Feb-05 at 09:37Indeed an interesting problem. In my opinion the easiest way to get your desired result is to create two separate plots and to glue them together using the wonderful patchwork package:
Note: To focus on the main issue and to make the code more minimal I dropped all or most of your theme adjustments, ggtext styling, custom fonts, ... . Instead I relied on ggthemes::theme_economist to get close to the economist look.
QUESTION
Can anyone explain how lambda functions are represented in std::function? Is there an implicit conversion by the compiler and std::function used as a container?
I recently asked a slightly different question, which was marked as a duplicate of this question. The answer is the type of a lambda function is not defined and unspecified. I have found some code that appears to provide a container for the lambda function as follows below. I have also included a Stroustrup quote, which seems to contradict that lambda functions do not have a type defined, saying however it is a function closure type. This is only confusing the matter further.
Update: Partial answer regarding implementation of function<> is here.
Appreciate your guidance.
...ANSWER
Answered 2020-Jun-15 at 04:58The type is there. It’s just that you don’t know in advance what it is. Lambdas have type - just the standard says nothing about what that type is; it only gives the contracts that type has to fulfill. It’s up to the compiler implementers to decide what that type really is. And they don’t have to tell you. It’s not useful to know.
So you can deal with it just like you would deal with storage of any “generic” type. Namely: provide suitably aligned storage, then use placement new to copy-construct or move-construct the object in that storage. None of it is specific to std::function. If your job was to write a class that can store an arbitrary type, you’d do just that. And it’s what std::function has to do as well.
std::function implementers usually employ the small-object optimization. The class leaves some unused room in its body. If the object to be stored is of an alignment for which the empty room is suitable, and if it will fit in that unused room, then the storage will come from within the std::function object itself. Otherwise, it’ll have to dynamically allocate the memory for it. That means that e.g. capture of intrinsic vector types (AVX, Neon, etc) - if such is possible - will usually make a lambda unfit for small object optimization storage within std::function.
I'm making no claims as to whether or if the capture of intrinsic vector types is allowed, fruitful, sensible, or even possible. It's sometimes a minefield of corner cases and subtle platform bugs. I don't suggest anyone go and do it without full understanding of what's going on, and the ability to audit the resulting assembly as/when needed (implication: under pressure, typically at 4AM on the demo day, with the suits about to wake up soon - and already irked that they have to interrupt their golf play so early in the day just to watch the presenter sweat).
QUESTION
I'm trying to consume and save websocket data to a pandas DataFrame for other functions to use. However I'm very unfamiliar with them and originally got errors because I was trying to directly pass a df argument to on_message(). This link suggests using partial to add arguments but I am still getting a error from callback : local variable 'df' referenced before assignment error.
I realise there are better ways to process the data rather than a dataframe but I'd just like to get that working first. Thanks.
...ANSWER
Answered 2018-Mar-24 at 03:32Since you have to modify an external object, and pandas.DataFrame.append does not allow in-place modification, you have to either make all function and df available as members of some class, so you would be able to write self.df = self.df.append(msg), or use global:
QUESTION
I have a MainViewModel and a CategoryViewModel
MainViewmodel has the collection:
...ANSWER
Answered 2018-Mar-01 at 02:38It seems like
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