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According to the language reference, chapter 3 "Data model" (see here):

An object’s type determines the operations that the object supports (e.g., “does it have a length?”) and also defines the possible values for objects of that type. The type() function returns an object’s type (which is an object itself). Like its identity, an object’s type is also unchangeable.[1]

which, to my mind states that the type must never change, and changing it would be illegal as it would break the language specification. The footnote however states that

[1] It is possible in some cases to change an object’s type, under certain controlled conditions. It generally isn’t a good idea though, since it can lead to some very strange behaviour if it is handled incorrectly.

I don't know of any method to change the type of an object from within python itself, so the "possible" may indeed refer to the CPython function.

As far as I can see a PyObject is defined internally as a

Actually a bit more information and stacktrace would have helped in debugging the issue. As per the information provided above,

This exception happens when there is a mismatch in the kerberos credential. Then GSSException occurs and this message is generated.

Assuming that you're talking about the language feature (e.g. interface keyword in Java), as opposed to the general computing term, the purpose of interfaces is polymorphism.

A tool such as interfaces can be abused for other purposes, for example:

• As a way of communicating commonality - this can backfire, because if polymorphism isn't the goal of the design, then the classes which declare implementing the interface are making an unnecessary commitment to implement it. That may cease to be relevant when the commonality is eventually broken, which can happen because the classes aren't used polymorphically.

• As a way of documenting the contract and allowing the class implementation to change - In Java, this is achieved with public/protected methods with Javadoc are the way to document the contract. Some languages don't even have that, and they still document contracts. Of course, this only works if the contract comes in form of function calls (as opposed to e.g. RESTful HTTP APIs), and it only works if you have a rule about what you document, e.g. package boundary; you wouldn't want to create an interface for every class, even if you document the contract for every class.

• To physically hide stuff from the consumer of your interface - this is also about documenting the contract, but if your class has data, or protected methods, and you want to prevent anything outside your package from inheriting, you can expose only an interface. But you can also use final.

Interfaces aren't designed to achieve multiple inheritance; they rather facilitate multiple inheritance only to the extent that is useful for polymorphism; it doesn't really allow you to inherit any fields, and until recently in Java with default methods (so, not by design), not even code.

You would see, in the wild, packages where only one class implements the interface. That doesn't render the interface useless; more implementations may come in the future, and in fact, the package might want to allow callers to offer their own implementation.

Before plotting, doing some data manipulation to pull out the maximum value for each of the 23 DNA fragment groups with base R max function, and adding the max plot with additional geom_ layer for the max values.

Here is small reprex example that plots the max value for each group with "red".

For me, you can actually use predict_proba() after calibration to apply a different cutoff.

What happens within class CalibratedClassifierCV (as you noticed) is effectively that the output of predict() is based on the output of predict_proba() (see here for reference), i.e. np.argmax(self.predict_proba(X), axis=1) == self.predict(X).

On the other side, for the non-calibrated classifier that you're passing to CalibratedClassifierCV (depending on whether it is a probabilistic classifier or not) the above equality may or may not hold (e.g. it does not for an SVC() classifier - see here, for instance, for some other details on this).

Does this help. Using loess method?

• using your sample data for points
• these points are in Saudi Arabia, so assumed that polygons are regional boundaries in Saudi Arabia. Downloaded this from http://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-cultural-vectors/
• polygon data is a shape file
  1. loaded into geopandas to allow interface to GEOJSON __geo__interface
  2. dynamically filtered this to Saudi using pandas .loc
• confidence data is just a straight https://plotly.com/python/mapbox-density-heatmaps/
• boundaries are https://plotly.com/python/mapbox-layers/

As was alluded to by @MisterMiyagi in the comments, I think the solution here is to use structural, rather than nominal, subtyping. Nominal subtyping is where we use direct class inheritance to define type relationships. For example, collections.Counter is a subtype of dict because it directly inherits from dict. Structural subtyping, however, is where we define types based on certain properties a class has or certain behaviours it displays. int is a subtype of typing.SupportsFloat not because it directly inherits from SupportsFloat (it doesn't), but because SupportsFloat is defined as a certain interface, and int satisfies that interface.

When type-hinting, we can define structural types using typing.Protocol. You could satisfy MyPy in this situation like this:

Given you mentioned Supply.merge, let's start with that. Imagine it wasn't in the Raku standard library, and we had to implement it. What would we have to take care of in order to reach a correct implementation? At least:

1. Produce a Supply result that, when tapped, will...
2. Tap (that is, subscribe to) all of the input supplies.
3. When one of the input supplies emits a value, emit it to our tapper...
4. ...but make sure we follow the serial supply rule, which is that we only emit one message at a time; it's possible that two of our input supplies will emit values at the same time from different threads, so this isn't an automatic property.
5. When all of our supplies have sent their done event, send the done event also.
6. If any of the input supplies we tapped sends a quit event, relay it, and also close the taps of all of the other input supplies.
7. Make very sure we don't have any odd races that will lead to breaking the supply grammar emit* [done|quit].
8. When a tap on the resulting Supply we produce is closed, be sure to close the tap on all (still active) input supplies we tapped.

Good luck!

So how does the standard library do it? Like this: