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There’s a common mistake that can happen when specifying a URL for a cross-origin request in code, and the mistake can cause browsers to end up reporting a CORS error when in fact the problem is simply an easy-to-overlook mistake in the request URL itself.

The mistake is just a missing "s": using "http" as the URL protocol part rather than "https".

That missing "s" causes the server you’ve sent the request to respond with a 3xx redirect to the equivalent https location of that URL — but the problem is: by default, many/most servers won’t include the Access-Control-Allow-Origin header in 3xx responses. So the browser gets that 3xx, but because it lacks the Access-Control-Allow-Origin header, the browser refuses to let your code follow the redirect; instead the browser stops right there and emits a CORS error.

So when you encounter a case like this, the way to troubleshoot it is: Open the Network pane in devtools and inspect the response. Check the response status code shown there and check the response headers. If the cause is the mistake described in this answer, you’ll see a Location response header. That value is the URL to which the server is trying to redirect the request.

And when you look at the Location value, you might initially think it’s exactly the same as the request URL you have in your code — because it’s easy to overlook that the difference is just that single missing "s". But of course if you take the URL in that Location value and replace the request URL in your frontend code with it, and it works, then the difference becomes apparent.

So in the case of the URL in this question, the problem was just that the frontend code specified a http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov URL that should instead be a https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov URL.