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What exactly is happening in that last example? I might be having a mental lapse, but I don't think I've encountered such syntax before. Can someone point out where it is documented?

It's the collection initializer syntax. It's documented here. And more directly with regards to read-only props here.

Some classes may have collection properties where the property is read-only...You will not be able to use collection initializer syntax discussed so far since the property cannot be assigned a new list. However, new entries can be added nonetheless using the initialization syntax by omitting the list creation.

This syntax works for 'collection types that implement IEnumerable and has Add with the appropriate signature as an instance method or an extension method.'

For deeper reading, take a look at the spec where it says more precisely:

The collection object to which a collection initializer is applied shall be of a type that implements System.Collections.IEnumerable or a compile-time error occurs. For each specified element in order, normal member lookup is applied to find a member named Add. If the result of the member lookup is not a method group, a compile-time error occurs. Otherwise, overload resolution is applied with the expression list of the element initializer as the argument list, and the collection initializer invokes the resulting method. Thus, the collection object shall contain an applicable instance or extension method with the name Add for each element initializer.

First of all, the method used to measure the timings is very imprecise. The current methods introduce a huge bias that is probably bigger than the measure itself. Indeed, clock is not very precise on many platforms (about 1 ms on my machine and often not better than 1 us on almost all platforms). Moreover, the imprecision is strongly amplified by the 10,000,000 iterations. If you want to measure the loop precisely, you need to move the clock call outside the loop (and if possible use a more accurate measurement function).

Still, the main problem is that the function result is unused and the Java JIT can see that and partially optimize that. GCC cannot because of the math function standard behaviour (errno cause a side effect not available in the Java code). You can disable the use of errno using the command-line flag -fno-math-errno. With that GCC can now totally optimize the function (ie. remove the function call) and the resulting time is much smaller. However, the benchmark is flawed and you probably do not want to measure that. If you want to write a correct benchmark, you need to read the computed value. For example, you can compute a checksum, at least to check the results are correct/equivalent.

The error Reindexing only valid with uniquely valued Index objects says that map requires your mapping_Income to have unique index, and the index originates from df1[df1['Group'] == 'Income'].set_index('Attributes') where the 'Attributes' for Income contains exploded values that are not unique.

Your code for exploding is range inclusive, so when you explode the two ranges for Income, 500000 will appear once in each explode, ending up with two 500000 and thus the error. Please try to modify either one of the ranges to exclude its 500000, e.g. make the second range 500001 to 700000.

For Update 1:

I suspect it has to do with data-type again. The exploded value could be integers, but all values of df2['Education'] are string.

One quick fix is to change everything into strings.

#1 add df1['Attributes'] = df1['Attributes'].astype(str) after the line for explode

#2 add df2 = df2.astype(str) before any map to make all contents strings

You can use a custom function to replace the string with range, then explode:

If you have matplotlib 3.5.0 or higher, you can use the imshow parameter interpolation_stage and set it to "rgba" instead of "data" in order to achieve what you want.

Use mounted getter to determine if the State is still active

I would suggest that you first make an object with all taxes that will be populated in the select dropdown:

I think the problem is in the object you call in html2canvas. I made a codesandbox where I use an accordion and capture the open element to render it on a canvas.

The steps are:

1. Get the panel that is open
2. Get the panel dimensions to resize the canvas and clean the canvas
3. Paint on the canvas
4. Download image

I leave below the most important function

I don't think that you can do it the way that you're asking for, but the updating of drawtext can be achieved with sendcmd by generating a command file with the time intervals and the filenames hard-coded in it.

That said, given the frame rate and the glob (expanding to the image files) you can generate the corresponding command file programmatically: