ahocorasick | AC自动机的Python实现及其性能对比

if I understood correctly, you are attempting to use std::unordered_map, std::string and std::set in device code. I'm not an expert on Intel-specific oneAPI SYCL extensions, but in pure SYCL 1.2.1 this is not allowed and I would be surprised if this works in DPC++.

The SYCL 1.2.1 spec does not really define how SYCL interacts with the standard library. While some implementations may be able to make some guarantees about certain well-defined portions of the standard library working in devie code as an extension (commonly e.g. std:: math functions), this is not universally guaranteed across SYCL implementations. Additionally supporting STL containers in device code (which is not required by the SYCL spec) I would imagine to be particularly difficult and I've never heard of a SYCL implementation supporting that. This is because containers typically employ mechanisms unsupported in SYCL device code because they require runtime support, for example throwing exceptions. Because on, say, a GPU there's no C++ runtime, such mechanisms cannot work in SYCL.

It is also important to understand that this is not really a SYCL-specific limitation, but a common restriction among heterogeneous programming models. Other heterogeneous programming models such as CUDA impose similar restrictions for similar reasons.

Another difficulty with containers in kernels is that STL data structures are usually not really designed for the massively parallel SIMT execution model on a SYCL device, making them prone to race conditions.

The final probem is the one you have already identified: You are copying pointers to host memory. Since you are on oneAPI DPC++, the easiest solution to work with pointer-based data structures is to use the Intel SYCL extension of unified shared memory (USM) which can be used to generate pointers that are valid both on host and device. There is also a USM allocator that could be passed to containers if they were supported in device code.