Opcodes | Database of CPU Opcodes
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Database of CPU Opcodes
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Community Discussions
Trending Discussions on Opcodes
QUESTION
I'm currently developing, in Python, a very simple, stack-oriented programming language intended to introduce complete novices to programming concepts. The language does allow users to craft their own functions. While speed isn't a big concern for my language, I thought of creating a "simple" JIT compiler to generate Python byte code for the user's functions.
I was listening to an excellent talk from PyCon on how to hand-craft byte code and make functions from them. However, the speakers did add a caveat that the specific byte values of Python byte code are in no way portable and can even change between, say, 3.5.1 and 3.5.2.
So, I brought up the documentation for the dis
module and saw dis.opmap
, described as
Dictionary mapping operation names to bytecodes.
Therefore, if I wanted to put a BINARY_ADD
into a byte code object, I wouldn't need to know its specific value. I could just look it up in dis.opmap
.
This finally brings me to my question: Are there any other portability pitfalls of which I need to be aware (e.g., Endianness, sizes/numbers of arguments per opcode) in order to make my JIT compiler compatible with any version of Python 3? I imagine that there will be certain opcodes that were only made available in a specific version. However, as I mentally work out my JIT compiler, I can't see myself using anything but the most basic instructions.
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-19 at 01:33I am fairly certain that Python bytecode is undocumented. It's a messy place and it's a scary place. I'll offer an alternative at the end, but first.... why is it scary? First of all Python is interpreted to bytecode and that bytecode gets ran on a virtual machine. That virtual machine is definitely undocumented. You can take a look here at the opcode commit history. Notice that it changes... a lot. Beyond that you also have things like f-strings getting implemented which means the underlying C code is going to change. It's a very messy place because so many people are changing it.
Now, here is where my suggestion comes in. The reason that stuff is complicated is because many people are changing it. You daughter is 11 weeks, she ain't gonna be programming for at least another 3 weeks ;). So instead, why not make your own language? I recommend reading https://craftinginterpreters.com/contents.html. It's completely free and walks you through making an interpreted language in Java using AST followed by how to make a virtual machine with byte code and various chunk operations (just like Python has). It's a very easy to read book with good, thought-provoking questions at the end of chapters. You could make a completely customizable language that you ultimately control. Want to change an op code? Go for it. Want all users to be on the same playing field and guarantee backwards compatibility? It's your programming language, do whatever you want.
At the end of the day this is something that is going to be fun for you. And if you have to worry about opcodes being added or changed or overloaded, you're probably not going to be having fun. And when something eventually goes wrong you're going to have to debug your interpreted language, your JIT compiler and Python's source. That's just a headache in the making.
QUESTION
The contract which I compile in Remix and depoly on Ropsten.
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-17 at 08:52The Remix bytecode export contains the bytecode
variable definition and assembly
block without the constructor
being executed - just the actual definitions compiled to bytecode.
Constructor usually returns the contract instance (including its parent contracts and imported libraries). But in this case, the assembly
block forces the EVM to not return the contract instance, but to return the value of the bytecode
variable from the constructor.
Then the deployment process continues as usual - the EVM stores the constructor return value (usually the contract instance, now the bytecode
) into the contract storage.
QUESTION
I am writing a program that has a shared state between assembly and C++. I declared a global array in the assembly file and accessed that array in a function within C++. When I call that function from within C++, there are no issues, but then I call that same function from within assembly and I get a segmentation fault. I believe I preserved the right registers across function calls.
Strangely, when I change the type of the pointer within C++ to a uint64_t pointer, it correctly outputs the values but then segmentation faults again after casting it to a uint64_t.
In the following code, the array which keeps giving me errors is currentCPUState.
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-16 at 02:36Some of x86-64 calling conventions require that the stack have to be alligned to 16-byte boundary before calling functions.
After functions are called, a 8-byte return address is pushed on the stack, so another 8-byte data have to be added to the stack to satisfy this allignment requirement. Otherwise, some instruction with allignment requirement (like some of the SSE instructions) may crash.
Assumign that such calling conventions are applied, the initGBCpu
function looks OK, but the initInternalState
function have to add one more 8-byte thing to the stack before calling the initInternalState
function.
For example:
QUESTION
I want to create dynamic assembly with generic class:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-16 at 01:50You cannot call GetMethod
on typeof(Func<>).MakeGenericType(TArg)
, because in this instance, TArg
is a GenericTypeParameterBuilder
, and the Type
object returned by MakeGenericType
doesn't know how to get the relevant methods.
Instead use TypeBuilder.GetMethod
like this:
QUESTION
I try to make a coremod on 1.12.2 Forge in order to patch some missing stuff in the Lost Cities mod. (Source: https://github.com/McJtyMods/LostCities/blob/1.12/src/main/java/mcjty/lostcities/dimensions/world/lost/BuildingInfo.java)
A friend and I have written this LostCitiesClassTransformer.java:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-03 at 23:39The problem is that you do Type.getInternalName(BuildingInfo.class)
. That's the very class you're trying to transform as it's being loaded, so you created a circular reference by using it in a way that would need it to be loaded. You'll need to hardcode the string "mcjty/lostcities/dimensions/world/lost/BuildingInfo"
there instead.
Also, in "()Lmcjty/lostcities/api/ILostCityBuilding"
, that's supposed to have a semicolon at the end, so change it to "()Lmcjty/lostcities/api/ILostCityBuilding;"
.
Finally, you need to change false
to true
in new MethodInsnNode(INVOKEINTERFACE, Type.getInternalName(ILostCityBuilding.class), "getMinCellars", "()I", false));
, since it is in fact an interface method.
QUESTION
I try to make a coremod on 1.12.2 Forge in order to patch some missing stuff in the Lost Cities mod. (Source: https://github.com/McJtyMods/LostCities/blob/1.12/src/main/java/mcjty/lostcities/dimensions/world/lost/BuildingInfo.java)
A friend and I have written this LostCitiesClassTransformer.java: (Full source: https://github.com/Nick1st/LCPatches)
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-03 at 23:33Here's the problem:
QUESTION
So I have models called lockers.
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Apr-28 at 03:33In your async def dispatch_event(self, event: dict):
method you should be able to access the user from scope["user"]
so you can filter at this point.
Alternatively you can create a group for each type of message then only subscribe to the groups the user is permitted to see. (this is the better solution).
QUESTION
I'm creating a Maven plugin using
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Apr-16 at 07:23It seems to be a recognised issue that has been fixed for the next version 3.6.1: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/MPLUGIN-369
A workaround is to add:
QUESTION
I'm leanring low-level Solidity inline assembly, but confused by different output formats.
The ouptut option of Solidity compiler says:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Apr-15 at 20:081. Does
--opcodes
just give a more compact form of assembly code compared to--asm
output?
That's somewhat correct. You could still translate the assembly to opcodes and get the same result.
Assembly represents a set of "low level-ish" instructions. Opcodes are the "real" binary instructions passed to the EVM. See for example this table that translates the opcodes to binary.
2.
PUSH1 0x80 PUSH1 0x40 MSTORE
in--opcodes
format vs.mstore(0x40, 0x80)
in--asm
format. Are they doing the same thing? (I guess so but not 100% sure...)
Yes, they are doing the same thing - see answer to 1. When you run this snippet in Solidity
QUESTION
This question answers how to do it for a regular unordered_map
, but what about the member one? The IDE reports the error in the comment. opcodes
maps characters to pointers to functions, which should be called on behalf of concrete instances. Also I wonder if it's possible to make it constexpr.
ANSWER
Answered 2021-Feb-11 at 20:48How to create a member unordered_map with values of pointers to functions?
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Install Opcodes
You can use Opcodes like any standard Python library. You will need to make sure that you have a development environment consisting of a Python distribution including header files, a compiler, pip, and git installed. Make sure that your pip, setuptools, and wheel are up to date. When using pip it is generally recommended to install packages in a virtual environment to avoid changes to the system.
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