Python | widely used high-level programming language

Combining my comment and the comment by @khelwood:

TL;DR:
When analysing the bytecode for the two comparisons, it reveals the 'time' and 'time' strings are assigned to the same object. Therefore, an up-front identity check (at C-level) is the reason for the increased comparison speed.

The reason for the same object assignment is that, as an implementation detail, CPython interns strings which contain only 'name characters' (i.e. alpha and underscore characters). This enables the object's identity check.

Bytecode:

From the cpython source code for sum sum initially seems to attempt a fast path that assumes all inputs are the same type. If that fails it will just iterate:

It looks like setuptools>=58 breaks support for use_2to3:

setuptools changelog for v58

So you should update setuptools to setuptools<58 or avoid using packages with use_2to3 in the setup parameters.

I was having the same problem, pip==19.3.1

This problem has a fun O(n) solution.

If you draw a graph of cumulative sum vs index, then:

The average value in the subarray between any two indexes is the slope of the line between those points on the graph.

The first highest-average-prefix will end at the point that makes the highest angle from 0. The next highest-average-prefix must then have a smaller average, and it will end at the point that makes the highest angle from the first ending. Continuing to the end of the array, we find that...

These segments of highest average are exactly the segments in the upper convex hull of the cumulative sum graph.

Find these segments using the monotone chain algorithm. Since the points are already sorted, it takes O(n) time.

The way your container is built doesn't add a user, so everything is done as root.

You could create a user and install to that users's home directory by doing something like this;

The math module from the standard library has a sqrt function to calculate the square root of a number. It takes any type that can be converted to float (which includes int) as an argument and returns a float.

It is a bug, you can downgrade using:

pip install "pip<22"

https://github.com/jazzband/pip-tools/issues/1558

django.conf.urls.url() was deprecated in Django 3.0, and is removed in Django 4.0+.

The easiest fix is to replace url() with re_path(). re_path uses regexes like url, so you only have to update the import and replace url with re_path.

I suspect this may have been an accident, though I prefer the new behavior.

The new behavior is a consequence of a change to how the bytecode for * arguments works. The change is in the changelog under Python 3.9.0 alpha 3:

bpo-39320: Replace four complex bytecodes for building sequences with three simpler ones.

The following four bytecodes have been removed:

• BUILD_LIST_UNPACK
• BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK
• BUILD_SET_UNPACK
• BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK_WITH_CALL

The following three bytecodes have been added:

• LIST_TO_TUPLE
• LIST_EXTEND
• SET_UPDATE

On Python 3.8, the bytecode for f(*a, a.pop()) looks like this: