xrange | A pure-Python implementation of the xrange builtin | Performance Testing library
kandi X-RAY | xrange Summary
kandi X-RAY | xrange Summary
A pure-Python implementation of Python 2.7's xrange built-in, with some features backported from the Python 3.x range built-in (which replaced xrange) in that version. There is no good reason you should use this in your code, its purpose was to document and describe the behavior of the xrange or range built-ins, as well as that of objects implementing the Sequence protocol in general. Read more at
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Top functions reviewed by kandi - BETA
- Initialize the range .
- Get a slice from a slice .
- Return the item at index .
- Returns the next item in the range .
- Return the index of the given value .
- Returns True if value is in the list .
xrange Key Features
xrange Examples and Code Snippets
Community Discussions
Trending Discussions on xrange
QUESTION
This question is to some part identical to what has already been asked here. But the referenced question never received the answer to the point whether the issue presented here is a bug or documentation confusion.
Documentation states with respect to the layout
option of multiplot
:
With the layout option you can generate simple multiplots without having to give the set size and set origin commands before each plot: Those are generated automatically, but can be overridden at any time.
My understanding of that text is that layout sets origin and size and at any time, i can change those specifications. Then this should work:
...ANSWER
Answered 2022-Feb-17 at 11:01My guess would be that it is a bit unclear documentation.
It's a matter of taste and convenience and depends on your situation. Setting origin and size is setting the place for the (sub-)"canvas". This (sub-)"canvas" still can have some individual b,t,l,r margins. Note, margins are the space between graph border and canvas-border.
Apparently, the margins which you are setting in the multiplot layout are kept for your extra plot. So, apparently you have to reset them, e.g.
set margins 0,0,0,0
. And then you are probably getting your intended plot.I am not aware that you can extract the automatically calculated values for margins. There are no such values listed in
show var GPVAL
.
Code:
QUESTION
Let's asume the following 100 points with x,y,z values.
Data: (tbTriangulationTest.dat
)
ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jul-24 at 06:45What I found so far: a commonly used method, e.g. in finite element simulations, is meshing or triangulation. The following is an attempt of a gnuplot implementation of the "Delaunay Triangulation" of a set of points. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaunay_triangulation However, I'm aware that gnuplot is not really the tool for such a task.
So, probably, there are better solutions which I am not aware of. I am curious to learn about them.
Delaunay triangulation:
The following code is certainly not the most efficient way to get the triangulation, improvements are welcome
Procedure (short version):
- sort your N data points by increasing x and if identical x then by increasing y
- find the first m>=3 points which are not collinear
- loop points from m to N
3.1) find all hull points whose connections to point m+1 do not intersect with any current hull segment
3.2) connect these hull points to point m+1 and modify the hull accordingly
- loop all inner edges
4.1) find the 2 triangles containing the current edge. These form a quadrangle
4.2) if the quadrangle is convex, check if the diagonal needs to be flipped ("Lawson-flip")
4.3) start over with 4) until no flips are necessary anymore
In order to color the triangles
- split each triangle into 3 quadrangles using the centroid as a 4th point
- color the 3 sub-quadrangles according to the z-value of the respective data point
Comments:
- gnuplot has no native sort capability (especially sorting by >=2 columns), so you have to use
sort
(already included on Linux, on Windows you have to install, e.g.CoreUtils
from GnuWin. - Flipping the edges will take some time. I guess, it scales with
O(n^2)
. So, above 100 datapoints it becomes unpractial, because it will simply take too long. But there seem to be algorithms which should run inO(n log n)
. - Improvements are welcome, or maybe even an implementation in gnuplot would be great ;-)
Code:
QUESTION
I have some questions regarding data fitting in gnuplot. Suppose I have data formatted as follows example of data: test.txt
ANSWER
Answered 2021-Oct-08 at 08:44As I understand, you have several questions:
- fit a column versus another column while limiting the range by a third column
- simplify the label with the fitting results
- avoid warning: "Ignoring sample range in non-samples data"
ad 1: write a filter function, e.g. myRange(colD,colR,min,max)
which returns NaN
outside the desired range. colD
is the data column, colR
is the column for the range, min,max
are the limits of the range.
ad 2: you can use newline \n
in a label and use enhanced text. Check help enhanced
. You can make a box around using set style textbox
, might not work for all terminals, check help textbox
. Still a bit confusing but certainly simpler than drawing many manually placed labels and arrows and boxes.
ad 3: again limit your plot via your filter function (see ad 1)
So, the following code:
- plots the data in the full range
- fits the data in a limited range, limited by a 3rd column
- plots the fit in a given range, here:
[0:0.58]
- plots the residual in a limited range, limited by a 3rd column
- places a label with the results
Maybe there are simpler solutions which I am currently not aware of.
Code:
QUESTION
I have a polar plot in Gnuplot given by
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Sep-26 at 07:35In order to remove the rtics
do set rtics scale 0
.
You can set the starting angle for polar graph (check help theta
), however, only to {right|top|left|bottom}
and not to 45°, but this still wouldn't help you here.
So, probably you have to set the labels "manually". Maybe there is an automatic way which I am not aware of. Check the following example.
Code:
QUESTION
I have a time series of data as shown below and I would like to plot all the data, the mean value for a specific range, e.g. 3, 6, or 9 months.
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Sep-25 at 12:19It seems that using timedata inside stats
is not implemented in gnuplot, at least in version 5.5. I found an (ugly) workaround based on gnuplot: xdata time & calculations that transforms the input time and the range definitions into seconds from 1.1.1970, compares whether the input value is larger than the lower bound and smaller than the upper bound; if yes, returns the actual y value, if not, returns NaN, which is then ignored by stats
.
QUESTION
I have an API which provides the client with a report. This report is generated using a large collection of unsorted data (hundreds of thousands of rows in 20 different tables). I have tried optimizing the code and got about a 40% improvement in timing but it still takes up to 1 minute.
I was researching and came across this code example:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Aug-24 at 12:33The multiprocessing
module does provide true parallelism.
The creation of Process
objects and inter-process communication may create some overhead, so given T
original time your parallel processed time will be (T/N)+x
, where N is the number of Processes and x
is the overhead. The larger the data, the more negligible x
is.
On a side note, I'd suggeste looking into using Pools.
The map
function does the chopping for you.
QUESTION
I would like to make a gif from a file data.dat
:
ANSWER
Answered 2021-Aug-26 at 17:34If you separate your sets by two empty lines you can easily address them via index
(check help index
). If you don't know the number of sets (or blocks) you can do stats
(check help stats
).
You will find the number of blocks in the variable STATS_blocks
(to see all variables type show var STATS
). Check the following example as starting point for further optimization.
Attention: the option optimize
in term gif
might result in wrong colors (see: gnuplot: viewing angle dependent colors with 3D circles in GIF terminal)
So, either don't optimize or export all frames as PNG (e.g. via term pngcairo
) and use another software to create an animated GIF out of them.
Code:
QUESTION
I'd like to plot the circle described by the equation |z - 1| = 1
for complex z
. I expected the following to work:
ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-13 at 08:17The command defining f
defines it as a symbolic function:
QUESTION
I am using gnuplot 5.2 in WSL with Ubuntu 18.04 and I'm trying to fit a png image in my generated graph.
The data I am using called "data_sof" is:
loc Exp Measured 0. 3 3.2 0.05 1 1.1 0.10 1.5 1.33 0.15 5.34 5.8 0.20 4.26 5.22 0.25 5.70 4.88 0.30 6.21 6.17 0.35 5.15 5.10The code (as a script) that I am using to plot the data is the following:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-06 at 14:34My understanding is that if you "plot" an image, it has to be within a graph. For your case, you could use multiplot
, check help multiplot
. You simply set the origins and sizes and remove the border and labels for the second plot. Furthermore, in order to avoid distortion you set the plot size ratio of the second plot the same as as your image (in your case 973 x 673 pixels). Check the following example as a starting point for further tweaking.
Code:
QUESTION
I reused code from others to make head-pose prediction in Euler angles. The author trained a classification network that returns bin classification results for the three angles, i.e. yaw, roll, pitch. The number of bins is 66. They somehow convert the probabilities to the corresponding angle, as written from line 150 to 152 here. Could someone help to explain the formula?
These are the relevant lines of code in the above file:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Apr-29 at 08:47If we look at the training code, and the authors' paper,* we see that the loss function is a sum of two losses:
- the raw model output (vector of probabilities for each bin category):
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Install xrange
You can use xrange like any standard Python library. You will need to make sure that you have a development environment consisting of a Python distribution including header files, a compiler, pip, and git installed. Make sure that your pip, setuptools, and wheel are up to date. When using pip it is generally recommended to install packages in a virtual environment to avoid changes to the system.
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