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kandi X-RAY | cpython Summary
kandi X-RAY | cpython Summary
Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Python Software Foundation. All rights reserved. Python 3.x is a new version of the language, which is incompatible with the 2.x line of releases. The language is mostly the same, but many details, especially how built-in objects like dictionaries and strings work, have changed considerably, and a lot of deprecated features have finally been removed.
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Community Discussions
Trending Discussions on cpython
QUESTION
i am using django default user model created UserExtended model for storing extra details of user so that I can store extra user data and call them when needed
here is the model
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-14 at 14:17You should be using SerializerMethodField
.
QUESTION
I'm new to Django and trying to convert a HTML template to Django project.
This is my directory structure:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-12 at 11:18Your TEMPLATES
setting is as follows (truncated to keep answer short):
QUESTION
Why is sys.intern() failing to intern this string?
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-12 at 10:39String literals are already interned, it's computed expressions that you'd need to intern manually.
QUESTION
I started several attempts to get this complex working. As mentioned in so many other discussions the micropython modules are not recognized, e.g. machine. Python modules like numpy were also not found.
I think, the python environment is not working correctly and the modules are there but not found. But, there is no recommendation or tutorial that really solves this. How can I set this up?
What I did so far:
manually installed all components according to tutorials
another way: installed the pything coding pack which contains a lot of stuff.
The Windows paths have the correct folder paths to the components.
I set the obviously correct python interpreter in vscode
connection/communication with board is working. I can set up codes which dont contain micropython modules.
in other IDE's like thonny/mu the modules are found.
I also installed a python venv: I could install numpy inside this venv and later it was found in vscode (wasn't found before) when I used the venv python as interpreter in vscode. But I wasn't succesful with micropython in venv.
PS: I can use the micropython modules like machine or network and upload the sketch to the esp32 board. It is working on the board. But I cant run any of the sketches in vscode. I think that Vscode uses cpython instead of micropython but shouldn't this be working after the installations I mentioned?
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-24 at 00:00It sounds like you're confusing modules you install on the machine running Visual Studio Code and modules you install in Micropython on the ESP32.
They're totally separate.
Python on your Windows machine can use venv.
MicroPython doesn't use venv at all (there apparently is a clone of venv for MicroPython but it's not readily apparent what it does or why or how you'd use it). It is a completely separate instance of Python from the one on your Windows machine, and it doesn't operate the same way. Modules you install under venv won't be visible or usable by MicroPython. Numpy in particular is not available for MicroPython.
Many modules need to be written specially to work with MicroPython. MicroPython isn't running in a powerful operating system like Windows, MacOS or Linux. It's running in a highly constrained environment that lacks much of the functionality of those operating systems, and that has extremely little memory and storage compared to them. You can't expect that a module written for regular Python will just work on MicroPython (and likewise, many MicroPython modules use hardware features like I2C or SPI access that may not be available on more powerful, general purpose computers).
Only modules available with upip
will be available for MicroPython. They'll need to be installed in the instance of MicroPython running on the ESP32, not in the instance of Python running under Windows. They're two, totally separate instances of Python.
QUESTION
When I run cpython with the -X showrefcount
flag on an extension I'm writing, it reports a negative reference count (e.g. [-5538 refs, 13503 blocks]
) when I return None from a function (using the Py-RETURN_NONE
macro).
- The exact count varies between runs, but remains within the same order of magnitude.
- Whatever is happening, it seems to happen slowly; I need to call the extension function approximately 50,000 times before the reference count goes negative.
- If we replace
Py_RETURN_NONE;
withPy_INCREF(Py_None); return Py_None;
, it changes nothing. Indeed, we can seemingly add an arbitrary number ofPy_INCREF(Py_None)
s without affecting the reference count at all. - If we replace
Py_RETURN_NONE;
withreturn Py_None;
and don't increment the reference count, it segfaults (as expected). - If we replace the None return with another value, e.g.
PyLong_FromLong(0);
, the problem vanishes.
What is the cause of this? Related question: why is the reference count not zero after running an empty script?
Minimal Example: build command used for cpython debug build ...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-10 at 20:52The problem was due to the extension having been built using an older version of python, and run using a debug build compiled from the latest version of the source. Extensions not compiled using the stable ABI (and declared as doing so) are not binary compatible across python versions.
[Credit to ead's comment for asking the question that led directly to this solution.]
QUESTION
I'm trying to get a project I have up and running on a Linux Ubuntu machine on a new MacBook Pro but I'm getting the following error when running pip install mysqlclient
within a virtual environment. Please not, it install within issue in the main environment. I'm new to iOS so not sure where to go
ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-09 at 15:37this worked for me
QUESTION
I have python 3.9 installed in MacOS. I am not sure if that is the issue. I am trying to install dependencies for a astronomy data processing school. All the packages get installed but pyregion gives this huge error. I suspect if python 3.9 is the issue. I am not sure how to test if this works in python 3.7. If I downgrade python will it affect all the other dependencies that I have already installed?
Pyregion documentation says 3.4 and above are supported. I am getting this error when I try to install pyregion:
Not really sure what this means and how to resolve it.
ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-09 at 10:56Indeed, it looks like the pyregion
package has not been updated in some time, and contains some C sources that are not compatible with Python 3.9. There is an existing issue for this.
It seems the latest version in github at least works:
QUESTION
I am using embedded Python (3.9) in ubuntu 20.04 and trying to import ctypes which produces the error _ctypes.cpython-39-x86_64-linux-gnu.so: undefined symbol: PyFloat_Type
.
I am compiling a shared object, which is loaded dynamically using dlopen()
.
CMake
is used to build the shared object. I am stating Python3 dependency like so:
find_package(Python3 REQUIRED COMPONENTS Development Development.Embed)
and link using target_link_libraries(${target_name} Boost::filesystem Python3::Python)
If I understand correctly, this tells CMake to link directly with libpython3.9.so
(I also tried to explicitly state linking to libpython3.9.so
, but that did not solve the issue).
I do see that libpython3.9.so
exports PyFloat_Type
and that _ctypes.cpython-39-x86_64-linux-gnu.so
does not.
The import is simply done by the PyRun_SimpleString()
function: PyRun_SimpleString("import ctypes")
.
I should state that I have seen on the web some solutions, but none of them worked (like exporting LD_FLAGS="-rdynamic"
, but does also did not help).
I should also point out that importing using the interpreter (python3.9) works well.
Here is the build command generated by CMake:
/usr/bin/c++ -fPIC -g -Xlinker -export-dynamic -shared -Wl,-soname,mytest.python3.so -o mytest.python3.so CMakeFiles/mytest.python3.dir/[mydir]/[myobjects].o /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_filesystem.so.1.71.0 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpython3.9.so /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpython3.9.so
Thanks for any help in advance!
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-08 at 20:41When a C-extension is imported in CPython on Linux, dlopen
is used under the hood (and per default with RTLD_LOCAL
-flag).
A C-extension usually needs functionality from the Python-library (libpythonX.Y.so
), like for example PyFloat_Type
. However, on Linux the C-extension isn't linked against the libpythonX.Y.so
(the situation is different on Windows, see this or this for more details) - the missing function-definition/functionality will be provided by the python-executable.
In order to be able to do so, the executable must be linked with -Xlinker -export-dynamic
, otherwise loader will not be able to use the symbols from the execuable for shared objects loaded with dlopen
.
Now, if the embeded python is not the executable, but a shared object, which loaded with ldopen
itself, we need to ensure that its symbols are added to the dynamic table. Building this shared object with -Xlinker -export-dynamic
doesn't make much sense (it is not an executable after all) but doesn't break anything - the important part, how dlopen
is used.
In order to make symbols from text.python.so
visible for shared objects loaded later with ldopen
, it should be opened with flag RTLD_GLOBAL
:
RTLD_GLOBAL The symbols defined by this shared object will be made available for symbol resolution of subsequently loaded shared objects.
As long as the embedded python is loaded with dlopen
, the main executable doesn't need to be build/linked with -Xlinker -export-dynamic
.
However, if the main executable is linked against the embedded-python-shared-object, -Xlinker -export-dynamic
is neccessary, otherwise the python-symbols want be visible when dlopen
is used during the import of c-extension.
One might ask, why aren't C-extension linked against libpython in the first place?
Due to used RTLD_LOCAL
, every C-extension would have its own (uninitialized) version of Python-interpreter (as the symbols from the libpython would not be interposed) and crash as soon as used.
To make it work, dlopen
should be open with RTLD_GLOBAL
-flag - but this is not a sane default option.
QUESTION
I cant use higher version of pip other than 20.2.4, since some SSL certification errors are occuring in higher versions and cannot reinstall any settings I have now (because of some office setup). Now I am using Pycaret and currently it supports only sklearn 0.23.2.
But my sklearn version is 0.24.1 and I am unable to downgrade it with 20.2.4 version of pip.
I also tried manual installation using setup.py file and it is also not success.
I am having Winpython and unable to install anaconda too.
Can someone help me to sort this problem? I am having python 3.9 . May be that is the problem?
Update:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-07 at 17:47I tried various things, and the best advice I can give you is don't bother with python 3.9 for this library; It's just not supported yet. Dependencies are not sorted out yet for pycaret yet on python 3.9, and they should probably make note of that on their github, but here's the process I went through to get it installed from a completely fresh computer (windows sandbox).
QUESTION
The following response
header doesn't set the cookie in browser:
ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-02 at 21:52Could you try adding the following to the django-cors-headers
configuration and retry?
CORS_ALLOW_CREDENTIALS = True
Also, please note that the above configuration would probably not work if you are allowing all origins. See this Mozilla documentation: Credential is not supported if the CORS header ‘Access-Control-Allow-Origin’ is ‘*’
If you face such error, I suggest setting:
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