Pigeons | experimental desing by Richard Herrstein
kandi X-RAY | Pigeons Summary
kandi X-RAY | Pigeons Summary
This is a simulation of an experimental desing by Richard Herrstein. The paper rest on the early theory of choice in the realm of Behaviour Analysis. It hypothesizes the relative frequency of response as a dependent variable to the frequency of reinforcement. It is usually taken as the beginning for the development of what is call the Matching Law. And it is in turn a precursor work for the Delay Reduction Theory by Edmund Fantino.
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Top functions reviewed by kandi - BETA
- Play a game
- Plot the given session
- Make a boop
- Pretty print texto
- Play a note
- Show selection
- Get a list of VIs from a given mean
- Open the game
- Beep
- Initiate the screen
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Community Discussions
Trending Discussions on Pigeons
QUESTION
In Software Foundations IndProp.v
one is asked to prove the pigeonhole principle, and one may use excluded middle, but it is mentioned that it is not strictly necessary. I've been trying to prove it without EM, but my brain seems to be wired classically.
Q: How would one prove the theorem without using excluded middle? How should one generally approach proofs for types without decidable equality, where one can't easily reason by cases?
I'd be very happy for a complete proof to look at, but please avoid posting it "in the clear", so as to not spoil the exercise in the Software Foundations course.
The definition uses two inductive predicates, In
and repeats
.
ANSWER
Answered 2017-Mar-03 at 23:17A possible constructive proof goes like this:
We prove pigeonhole_principle_NO_EM
by induction on l1
. Only the non-empty case is possible because of the length constraint. So, assume l1 = x :: l1'
. Now, check whether there is some element of l1'
which is mapped by f : (forall x, In x l1 -> In x l2)
to the same membership proof as x
. If there is such an x'
element, then it follows that x = x'
, therefore l1
repeats. If there is no such element, then we can get l2'
by removing the element that x
is mapped to from l2
, and apply the induction hypothesis to l2'
and the appropriate f' : forall x, In x l1' -> In x l2'
function.
That's it, but I note that actually formalizing this proof is not easy with the definitions given, because we need to prove heterogeneous or dependent equalities, since we have to compare membership proofs for possibly different elements.
As to the question of getting the hang of constructive proofs in general, an important skill or habit is always examining what kind of data we have, not just what kind of logical facts we know. In this case, membership proofs are actually indices pointing into lists, bundled together with proofs that the pointed-to elements equal certain values. If membership proofs didn't tell where exactly elements are located then this proof would not be possible constructively.
QUESTION
I am trying to figure out how to output a pic of a BMW if the output is Mario, a tesla if the name is Julio, and another care if it is nono of those names. All those cars are store on an array.
I have been trying using document.createElement("image-example"); but haven't get it done.
...ANSWER
Answered 2020-May-09 at 20:26I did some changes. Such as using switch and case instead of if else. and used some helper functions to break down the code into chunks.
QUESTION
I am trying to implement a range mapper for TRNG output files for a C application with ranges of up to 4 bits in size. Due to the pigeonhole bias problem I have settled on using a discard algorithm.
My idea for a parsimonious algorithm would be something like:
-- Read 16 bytes from file and store as an indexed 128 bit unsigned integer bitbucket to be bitmask selected n bits at a time.
-- Predetermine as much as possible the ranges/buckets required for each input and store in an array.
-- For each n bits in the bitbucket select an input from the array that will not discard it if one exists. If 2 bits cannot find an input try 3 bits and if that cannot find an input try with 4 bits. At first when there are many inputs it should be easy not to discard, but as the choice of inputs gets low discards will become more common. I am not entirely sure if it is better to start with fewer bits and work my way up or to do the opposite.
The downside of this bit sipping range mapper seems to be that I need to assume about twice as much random input data as would be required with biased scaling methods. For instance a 9 bucket input from a 4 bit rand output will miss about 43% of the time.
Existing implementations/algorithms: This seems like an example of a more complex and efficient method of parsimonious range mapping but I find his explanation entirely impenetrable. Can anyone explain it to me in English or suggest a book I might read or a university class I might take that would give me a background to understand it?
There is also arc4random which seems to be a runtime optimized unbiased modulo discard implementation. Like almost all unbiased range mapper implementations I have found this seems not to particularly care about how much data it uses. That does not however mean that it is necessarily less data efficient because it has the advantage of fewer misses.
The basic idea of arc4random seems to be that as long as the number of pigeons (max_randvalue_output) is evenly divisible by the number of holes (rangeupperbound) the modulo function itself is an elegant and unbiased range mapper. However modulo only seems to be relevant when you are not bit sipping, i.e. when the output from the random source is more than ceil(log2(buckets)) bits.
There seems to be a tradeoff between the number of 'wasted' random bits and the percentage of discards. The percentage of misses is inversely proportional to the number of excess bits in the input to the range mapper. It seems like there should be a mathematical way to compare the data efficiency of a bit sipping range mapper with a more bit hungry version with fewer misses, but I don't know it.
So my plan is to just write two implementations: a bit sipping parsimonious type of range mapper that may or may not be a little like the mathforum example (which I don't understand) and an invariant byte input modulo range mapper which accepts byte inputs from a TRNG and uses a discard-from-the-top-of-largest-multiple modulo method of debiasing to match (x)n pigeons to n holes which is intended to be like arc4random. When finished I plan to post them on codereview.
I am basically looking for help or advice with any of these issues that might help me to write a more parsimonious but still unbiased range mapper particularly with respect to my parsimonious algorithm. Runtime efficiency is not a priority.
...ANSWER
Answered 2020-Mar-22 at 10:03There is a far simpler approach to generating random numbers in a range from a random bit stream, which is not only optimally efficient, but also exact. It's called the "Fast Dice Roller" method of J. Lumbroso:
"Optimal Discrete Uniform Generation from Coin Flips, and Applications", 2013.
See also this question.
QUESTION
I have two models that is linked each other by ForeignKey and OneToOneField as follows:
Models ...ANSWER
Answered 2020-Mar-25 at 07:37You should be able to access them with
QUESTION
So I'm trying to get the number of pigeons from a JSON having this format. This JSON contains a lot of bird types and each one is defined by his color and last contact:
...ANSWER
Answered 2020-Mar-23 at 15:23In the JSON document that comes back, pigeons
is an array and it looks like the length of that array is the number of pigeons. So if you unmarshal that into a struct that accepts and array for pigeons, you can get the length of it:
QUESTION
I am trying to write a function that uses indices that takes key-value pairs and stacks them.
Here is my data:
...ANSWER
Answered 2019-Nov-08 at 21:20We can create a numeric index with gl
and split
the dataset into list
of data.frame
, rename
the list
elements with map
and join it rowwise
QUESTION
I'm trying to remove all symbols which occur before my specific delimiter which is a colon.
Example text:
...ANSWER
Answered 2019-Aug-27 at 02:12You could simply split on ':' delete all the symbols in the first part and join them with ':' without even using a Regex. The answer to the Regex question is interesting but not necessary here.
QUESTION
I am just trying to make a working contact form for my website that will send the form's information to my email when someone wants design work done.
I have never made a contact form that works to send emails before, but I found this tutorial that seemed simple enough. http://www.developphp.com/video/JavaScript/Contact-Form-Web-Application-Tutorial-Ajax-HTML5-PHP
contact.html (Javascript Code)
...ANSWER
Answered 2019-Aug-17 at 23:57There is a typo in the following line, causing error:
QUESTION
I have data in text format, where key/value pairs are separated by semi-colon, may be followed by whitespace, maybe not, e.g., ";" or "; ", or even " ; ". There will always be a semi-colon between pairs, and the string is terminated with a semi-colon.
Keys and values are separated by whitespace.
This string is flat. There's never anything nested. Strings are always quoted and numerical values are never quoted. I can count on this being consistent in the input. So for example,
...ANSWER
Answered 2019-May-25 at 16:44It might be easier to use findall()
instead of split()
here. This will let you use a capture group to pull out just the part you want. Then you can split the groups, cleanup, etc:
QUESTION
I'm trying to scrape data from this website https://pigeon-ndb.com/races/. At first, I thought the problem would be easy to solve if I figured out how to select elements from a drop-down menu, but it's ending up being more complicated than anticipated.
I ideally want to iterate through all the years & seasons (2010-2019) and then through all the records of all the organizations and the races. In summary, scrape the data from all the tables located in the website using scrapy (no selenium).
I know that the problem involves utilizing the GET requests for the drop-down menus (3 total) like so:
https://pigeon-ndb.com/api/?request=get_databases (somehow select the json elements for year and season for the next request)
https://pigeon-ndb.com/api/?request=get_organizations&database=2010%20OB&_=1557098607652 (requires the year and season from the previous request to work)
https://pigeon-ndb.com/api/?request=get_races&organization=&_=1557098607653 (requires the name of the organization from the previous request (#2) to work)
The following code is a basic outline of the scrapy spider I plan to use, subject to change:
...ANSWER
Answered 2019-May-07 at 06:40First of all you need to set two params (database
and season
) using cookies
. After that you can iterate over JSON results:
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You can use Pigeons like any standard Python library. You will need to make sure that you have a development environment consisting of a Python distribution including header files, a compiler, pip, and git installed. Make sure that your pip, setuptools, and wheel are up to date. When using pip it is generally recommended to install packages in a virtual environment to avoid changes to the system.
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