im2col | Python implemention to illustrated im2col
kandi X-RAY | im2col Summary
kandi X-RAY | im2col Summary
Python implemention to illustrated im2col, which used in Conv2D computation.
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QUESTION
I was trying to speed up a forward pass in a convolutional layer by using a technique of converting my image data to a column vector and essentially converting my convolution problem into a matrix multiplication problem.
[idea from https://sahnimanas.github.io/post/anatomy-of-a-high-performance-convolution/]
I did so by first implementing an im2col function from caffe's official github
...ANSWER
Answered 2020-Dec-18 at 02:50Oh I found out what the problem was. In my original code, I set the bias as
QUESTION
My intention is to do preparation of sound wave file, arrange train process, and test process via sound.c. ran into error during compiling darknet. need your help!
make: gcc: command not found Makefile: 175: recipe for target 'obj/sound.o' failed make: *** [obj/sound.o] Error 127 UBUNTU LTS 18.04 CUDA 11.1
@wbcalex-desktop:~$ sudo apt install gcc
[sudo] password for wbcalex:
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
gcc is already the newest version (4:7.4.0-1ubuntu2.3).
The following package was automatically installed and is no longer required:
linux-hwe-5.4-headers-5.4.0-47
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove it.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
desktop:~$ cd darknet_tmp
desktop:~/darknet_tmp$ make
gcc -Iinclude/ -I3rdparty/stb/include -DGPU -I/usr/local/cuda/include/ -DCUDNN -Wall -Wfatal-errors -Wno-unused-result -Wno-unknown-pragmas -fPIC -Ofast -DGPU -DCUDNN -I/usr/local/cudnn/include -fPIC -c ./src/sound.c -o obj/sound.o
make: gcc: Command not found
Makefile:175: recipe for target 'obj/sound.o' failed
make: *** [obj/sound.o] Error 127
ANSWER
Answered 2020-Nov-30 at 18:34PATH
variable isn't updated correctly, $PATH
is not makefile syntax. Fix:
QUESTION
I'm making 'conditional mini pooling'.
However, applying this to Keras' CNN results in the following error:
TypeError: The added layer must be an instance of class Layer. Found: <main.MiniPooling2D object at 0x0000020E0BDD8B00>
it is my condition minipooling
MiniPooling
...ANSWER
Answered 2020-Sep-09 at 05:14Your problem is that you do not subclass the Layer
class from Keras
.
Have a look at this example (from the official documentation):
https://www.tensorflow.org/guide/keras/custom_layers_and_models
So you will have to implement something like:
QUESTION
I'm trying to train YOLOv4 with darknet on a computing cluster. But when I make
the darknet, it occured that:
ANSWER
Answered 2020-Jul-20 at 20:22On a machine with a GPU (and driver) installed, the -lcuda
dependency can usually be satisfied because the driver installs the libcuda.so
(or equivalent on windows) in the link search path (typically).
However on a machine with no GPU installed (e.g. a login node or build machine in a cluster) the driver won't be installed and therefore libcuda.so
won't be in the "usual place".
In these situations, "stub" libraries are provided, usually in the /stubs
directory off the CUDA toolkit library install directory (e.g. /usr/local/cuda/lib64
).
Therefore, if you change your Makefile at this line to read:
QUESTION
I am writing to request guidance in optimizing my solution / method "CalculateConvolutionOutputTensor__im2col". I would like help determining the best strategy for moving beyond my naive approach; offerings of intuition about any relevant GPU processes and how they apply (e.g., bank conflicts); and help interpreting the above profile in terms of what I can tweak.
A first run of the method takes 0.774 seconds using a GeForce 2080 Ti. I have included a screenshot of the Nsight Compute profile of the only CUDA C++ kernel I have written: im2col.
Things I Could DoI could have each GPU thread access shared memory instead of global memory. I could transfer GPU "heap" variables to kernel "stack" instead of dereferencing for every thread and in-kernel for-loop iteration. I could put small parameters into arrays in GPU memory and pass single pointers to those arrays. I could use a more sophisticated version of im2col.
Things I Have TriedI would prefer not to use cuDNN 7.6.5; when I use cuDNN 7.6.5 and write the statement "cudnnCreate(&cudnnHandle);", Nsight Compute suggests that method cuModuleGetFunction returns CUDA_ERROR_NOT_FOUND.
Recreating SolutionThe procedure I used to create this project was to create a new CUDA 10.2 Runtime project using Visual Studio Community 2019, rename the default source file to "main.cu", replace all contents with the first code block below, add "CalculateConvolutionOutputTensor__im2col.h" to my project, add the second code block below, add "CalculateConvolutionOutputTensor__im2col.cu" to my project, add the third code block below, and add "cublas.lib;" to Project Properties -> Linker -> Input -> Additional Dependencies.
main.cu ...ANSWER
Answered 2020-May-12 at 06:31After reading through the NVIDIA articles that Robert Crovella provided me, I rewrote my solution "CalculateConvolutionOutputTensor__im2col" to have threads in each block load from contiguous global memory. I used less indexing arithmetic and fewer parameters. I saw a method speed-up of (1 method / 0.445 s) / (1 method / 0.774 s) = 1.7, and an im2col kernel speed-up of (1 kernel / 35.27 ms) / (1 kernel / 128.15 ms) = 3.6. Thanks for pointing me to useful specific reading.
im2col used to take 128.15 ms; now it takes only 32.12 ms. Sgemm takes 6.34 ms now; probably took about the same then. Their total is 38.46 ms. The pair is run four times, for a total of 153.84 ms. I wonder how to speed up im2col more, and to reduce the 274.16 ms in "overhead".
To sculpt an image into matrix col, I had the (3*590/2) threads in each of (2*590*19*19) blocks transfer half cross sections of a filter-shaped portion of an image sequentially to col. I believe that each thread loaded from global memory physically adjacent to the memory accessed by the previous thread, and that each thread stored to global memory physically adjacent to the memory stored to by the previous thread. I did notice that 11 threads in the last warp in each block went unused.
I think I might take th31 up on their suggestion and move this optimization thread to Code Review.
Nsight Compute profile of im2col with coalesced global memory loads and stores main.cuCommunity Discussions, Code Snippets contain sources that include Stack Exchange Network
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Install im2col
You can use im2col like any standard Python library. You will need to make sure that you have a development environment consisting of a Python distribution including header files, a compiler, pip, and git installed. Make sure that your pip, setuptools, and wheel are up to date. When using pip it is generally recommended to install packages in a virtual environment to avoid changes to the system.
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