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A few bits of documentation to start:

From man 3 system's caveats section:

Do not use system() from a privileged program (a set-user-ID or set-group-ID program, or a program with capabilities) because strange values for some environment variables might be used to subvert system integrity. For example, PATH could be manipulated so that an arbitrary program is executed with privilege. Use the exec(3) family of functions instead, but not execlp(3) or execvp(3) (which also use the PATH environment variable to search for an executable).

system() will not, in fact, work properly from programs with set-user-ID or set-group-ID privileges on systems on which /bin/sh is bash version 2: as a security measure, bash 2 drops privileges on startup. Debian uses a different shell, dash(1), which does not do this when invoked as sh.)

And from the bash manual's description of the -p command line argument (Emphasis added):

Turn on privileged mode. In this mode, the $BASH_ENV and $ENV files are not processed, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, and the SHELLOPTS, BASHOPTS, CDPATH and GLOBIGNORE variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the -p option is not supplied, these actions are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id. If the -p option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. Turning this option off causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids.

So even if your /bin/sh doesn't drop privileges when run, bash will when it's run in turn without explicitly telling it not to.

So one option is to scrap using system(), and do a lower-level fork()/exec() of bash -p your-script-name.

Some other approaches to allowing scripts to run at elevated privileges are mentioned in Allow suid on shell scripts. In particular the answer using setuid() to change the real UID looks like it's worth investigating.

Or configure sudo to not require a password for a particular script for a given user.

Also see Why should I not #include ?

That's probably due to the wrong data type. You can try this.

Unfortunately, there is no alternative. The reason why C++ backend was removed long time ago is quite simple: it did not serve its main intention to be a guide to LLVM C++ API well, it generated suboptimal code and was not updated to support the latest changes to C++ API.

You can use the code of existing transformation passes to learn LLVM C++ API

You should keep in mind that for guildMember... events, you need to have the bot invited with this on: It can be found at the bottom of the "bot" section of your application.

Since 2015 there should be no more need to go through the pain of assigning prototype properties like that, and establish inheritance between two classes with such assignments.

I would suggest rewriting your code completely, and using the class syntax, where you don't need to explicitly do this inheritance fiddling with the prototype property:

You create an array "subarray" with size n-1, then iterate over it from j = 0 to n - 1 but always assign to subarray[i] instead of subarry[j]. Why is the way to create a "subarray" different from an "array"? Create one function that can return matrix with some size.

The example given in the quoted text is a buffer being filled after one event and emptied after another event.

Consider this non-event driven pseudo-code for the same example.

Negative values have the sign bit set, so you can do like this

I suspect you have a file named c:\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\6.3.0\include\c++\ext\pb_ds\detail\resize_policy\hash_standard_resize_policy_imp.hpp0000644. Rename that file to remove the 0000644 from the end of it.