typical | Data interchange with algebraic data types | Functional Programming library

 by   stepchowfun Rust Version: v0.9.5 License: Non-SPDX

kandi X-RAY | typical Summary

kandi X-RAY | typical Summary

typical is a Rust library typically used in Programming Style, Functional Programming applications. typical has no bugs, it has no vulnerabilities and it has low support. However typical has a Non-SPDX License. You can download it from GitHub.

Typical has no notion of a "default" value for each type. This means, for example, if a reader sees the value 0 for a field, it can be confident that this value was explicitly set by a writer, and that the writer didn't just accidentally forget to set it. Zeroes, empty strings, empty arrays, and so on aren't semantically special in any way.
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              typical has a low active ecosystem.
              It has 471 star(s) with 8 fork(s). There are 6 watchers for this library.
              OutlinedDot
              It had no major release in the last 12 months.
              typical has no issues reported. There are no pull requests.
              It has a neutral sentiment in the developer community.
              The latest version of typical is v0.9.5

            kandi-Quality Quality

              typical has no bugs reported.

            kandi-Security Security

              typical has no vulnerabilities reported, and its dependent libraries have no vulnerabilities reported.

            kandi-License License

              typical has a Non-SPDX License.
              Non-SPDX licenses can be open source with a non SPDX compliant license, or non open source licenses, and you need to review them closely before use.

            kandi-Reuse Reuse

              typical releases are available to install and integrate.
              Installation instructions, examples and code snippets are available.

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            Community Discussions

            QUESTION

            Python type hint for Iterable[str] that isn't str
            Asked 2022-Mar-29 at 06:43

            In Python, is there a way to distinguish between strings and other iterables of strings?

            A str is valid as an Iterable[str] type, but that may not be the correct input for a function. For example, in this trivial example that is intended to operate on sequences of filenames:

            ...

            ANSWER

            Answered 2022-Mar-29 at 06:36
            As of March 2022, the answer is no.

            This issue has been discussed since at least July 2016. On a proposal to distinguish between str and Iterable[str], Guido van Rossum writes:

            Since str is a valid iterable of str this is tricky. Various proposals have been made but they don't fit easily in the type system.

            You'll need to list out all of the types that you want your functions to accept explicitly, using Union (pre-3.10) or | (3.10 and higher).

            e.g. For pre-3.10, use:

            Source https://stackoverflow.com/questions/71656644

            QUESTION

            How to add TypeScript types to request body in Next.js API route?
            Asked 2022-Mar-28 at 08:39
            Problem

            One of the primary reasons I like using TypeScript is to check that I am passing correctly typed params to given function calls.

            However, when using Next.js, I am running into the issue where params passed to a Next.js API endpoint end up losing their types when the are "demoted" to the NextApiRequest type.

            Typically, I would pull off params doing something like req.body.[param_name] but that entire chain has type any so I lose any meaningful type information.

            Example

            Let's assume I have an API endpoint in a Next.js project at pages/api/add.ts which is responsible for adding two numbers. In this file, we also have a typed function for adding two numbers, that the API endpoint will call.

            ...

            ANSWER

            Answered 2022-Jan-21 at 22:24

            You can create a new interface that extends NextApiRequest and adds the typings for the two fields.

            Source https://stackoverflow.com/questions/69893369

            QUESTION

            What is XlaBuilder for?
            Asked 2022-Mar-20 at 18:41

            What's the XLA class XlaBuilder for? The docs describe its interface but don't provide a motivation.

            The presentation in the docs, and indeed the comment above XlaBuilder in the source code

            ...

            ANSWER

            Answered 2021-Dec-15 at 01:32

            XlaBuilder is the C++ API for building up XLA computations -- conceptually this is like building up a function, full of various operations, that you could execute over and over again on different input data.

            Some background, XLA serves as an abstraction layer for creating executable blobs that run on various target accelerators (CPU, GPU, TPU, IPU, ...), conceptually kind of an "accelerator virtual machine" with conceptual similarities to earlier systems like PeakStream or the line of work that led to ArBB.

            The XlaBuilder is a way to enqueue operations into a "computation" (similar to a function) that you want to run against the various set of accelerators that XLA can target. The operations at this level are often referred to as "High Level Operations" (HLOs).

            The returned XlaOp represents the result of the operation you've just enqueued. (Aside/nerdery: this is a classic technique used in "builder" APIs that represent the program in "Static Single Assignment" form under the hood, the operation itself and the result of the operation can be unified as one concept!)

            XLA computations are very similar to functions, so you can think of what you're doing with an XlaBuilder like building up a function. (Aside: they're called "computations" because they do a little bit more than a straightforward function -- conceptually they are coroutines that can talk to an external "host" world and also talk to each other via networking facilities.)

            So the fact XlaOps can't be used across XlaBuilders may make more sense with that context -- in the same way that when building up a function you can't grab intermediate results in the internals of other functions, you have to compose them with function calls / parameters. In XlaBuilder you can Call another built computation, which is a reason you might use multiple builders.

            As you note, you can choose to inline everything into one "mega builder", but often programs are structured as functions that get composed together, and ultimately get called from a few different "entry points". XLA currently aggressively specializes for the entry points it sees API users using, but this is a design artifact similar to inlining decisions, XLA can conceptually reuse computations built up / invoked from multiple callers if it thought that was the right thing to do. Usually it's most natural to enqueue things into XLA however is convenient for your description from the "outside world", and allow XLA to inline and aggressively specialize the "entry point" computations you've built up as you execute them, in Just-in-Time compilation fashion.

            Source https://stackoverflow.com/questions/70339753

            QUESTION

            Efficient overflow-immune arithmetic mean in C/C++
            Asked 2022-Mar-10 at 14:02

            The arithmetic mean of two unsigned integers is defined as:

            ...

            ANSWER

            Answered 2022-Mar-08 at 10:54

            The following method avoids overflow and should result in fairly efficient assembly (example) without depending on non-standard features:

            Source https://stackoverflow.com/questions/71019078

            QUESTION

            Can you safely change a Python object's type in a C extension?
            Asked 2022-Mar-02 at 01:55
            Question

            Suppose that I have implemented two Python types using the C extension API and that the types are identical (same data layouts/C struct) with the exception of their names and a few methods. Assuming that all methods respect the data layout, can you safely change the type of an object from one of these types into the other in a C function?

            Notably, as of Python 3.9, there appears to be a function Py_SET_TYPE, but the documentation is not clear as to whether/when this is safe to do. I'm interested in knowing both how to use this function safely and whether types can be safely changed prior to version 3.9.

            Motivation

            I'm writing a Python C extension to implement a Persistent Hash Array Mapped Trie (PHAMT); in case it's useful, the source code is here (as of writing, it is at this commit). A feature I would like to add is the ability to create a Transient Hash Array Mapped Trie (THAMT) from a PHAMT. THAMTs can be created from PHAMTs in O(1) time and can be mutated in-place efficiently. Critically, THAMTs have the exact same underlying C data-structure as PHAMTs—the only real difference between a PHAMT and a THAMT is a few methods encapsulated by their Python types. This common structure allows one to very efficiently turn a THAMT back into a PHAMT once one has finished performing a set of edits. (This pattern typically reduces the number of memory allocations when performing a large number of updates to a PHAMT).

            A very convenient way to implement the conversion from THAMT to PHAMT would be to simply change the type pointers of the THAMT objects from the THAMT type to the PHAMT type. I am confident that I can write code that safely navigates this change, but I can imagine that doing so might, for example, break the Python garbage collector.

            (To be clear: the motivation is just context as to how the question arose. I'm not looking for help implementing the structures described in the Motivation, I'm looking for an answer to the Question, above.)

            ...

            ANSWER

            Answered 2022-Mar-02 at 01:13

            According to the language reference, chapter 3 "Data model" (see here):

            An object’s type determines the operations that the object supports (e.g., “does it have a length?”) and also defines the possible values for objects of that type. The type() function returns an object’s type (which is an object itself). Like its identity, an object’s type is also unchangeable.[1]

            which, to my mind states that the type must never change, and changing it would be illegal as it would break the language specification. The footnote however states that

            [1] It is possible in some cases to change an object’s type, under certain controlled conditions. It generally isn’t a good idea though, since it can lead to some very strange behaviour if it is handled incorrectly.

            I don't know of any method to change the type of an object from within python itself, so the "possible" may indeed refer to the CPython function.

            As far as I can see a PyObject is defined internally as a

            Source https://stackoverflow.com/questions/71178416

            QUESTION

            Is there a way to access the children of a CategoryChannel before it is deleted? [Discord.js]
            Asked 2022-Feb-19 at 14:09

            I handle a channelDelete event in my discord bot. My original intent was to do the following:

            1. Listen for when a channel is deleted
            2. Check to see if its type equals 'GUILD_CATEGORY'
            3. Delete all the channels under that category

            I can typically access channels under a CategoryChannel through its property called children anywhere else except during this event...

            ...

            ANSWER

            Answered 2022-Feb-19 at 14:09
            Why?

            Unfortunately, this is how CategoryChannels work in discord.js...
            When the category is deleted, discord.js sends a request to the API to delete the channel. Only then, Discord sends you the event after the category is deleted.
            What happens next is that the children are not located in the category anymore! So you will not be able to get the children inside the CategoryChannel object.

            This is the code for the children property

            Source https://stackoverflow.com/questions/70563152

            QUESTION

            In Haskell, Can Kinds Be Anything Other Than a Sequence of Stars?
            Asked 2022-Feb-13 at 00:42

            Please forgive me if this question is dumb.

            While reading about Haskell kinds, I notice a theme:

            ...

            ANSWER

            Answered 2022-Feb-13 at 00:42

            The most basic form of the kind language contains only * (or Type in more modern Haskell; I suspect we'll eventually move away from *) and ->.

            But there are more things you can build with that language than you can express by just "counting the number of *s". It's not just the number of * or -> that matter, but how they are nested. For example * -> * -> * is the kind of things that take two type arguments to produce a type, but (* -> *) -> * is the kind of things that take a single argumemt to produce a type where that argument itself must be a thing that takes a type argument to produce a type. data ThreeStars a b = Cons a b makes a type constructor with kind * -> * -> *, while data AlsoThreeStars f = AlsoCons (f Integer) makes a type constructor with kind (* -> *) -> *.

            There are several language extensions that add more features to the kind language.

            PolyKinds adds kind variables that work exactly the same way type variables work. Now we can have kinds like forall k. (* -> k) -> k.

            ConstraintKinds makes constraints (the stuff to the left of the => in type signatures, like Eq a) become ordinary type-level entities in a new kind: Constraint. Rather than the stuff left of the => being special purpose syntax fairly disconnected from the rest of the language, now what is acceptable there is anything with kind Constraint. Classes like Eq become type constructors with kind * -> Constraint; you apply it to a type like Eq Bool to produce a Constraint. The advantage is now we can use all of the language features for manipulating type-level entities to manipulate constraints (including PolyKinds!).

            DataKinds adds the ability to create new user-defined kinds containing new type-level things, in exactly the same way that in vanilla Haskell we can create new user-defined types containing new term-level things. (Exactly the same way; the way DataKinds actually works is that it lets you use a data declaration as normal and then you can use the resulting type constructor at either the type or the kind level)

            There are also kinds used for unboxed/unlifted types, which must not be ever mixed with "normal" Haskell types because they have a different memory layout; they can't contain thunks to implement lazy evaluation, so the runtime has to know never to try to "enter" them as a code pointer, or look for additional header bits, etc. They need to be kept separate at the kind level so that ordinary type variables of kind * can't be instantiated with these unlifted/unboxed types (which would allow you to pass these types that need special handling to generic code that doesn't know to provide the special handling). I'm vaguely aware of this stuff but have never actually had to use it, so I won't add any more so I don't get anything wrong. (Anyone who knows what they're talking about enough to write a brief summary paragraph here, please feel free to edit the answer)

            There are probably some others I'm forgetting. But certainly the kind language is richer than the OP is imagining just with the basic Haskell features, and there is much more to it once you turn on a few (quite widely used) extensions.

            Source https://stackoverflow.com/questions/71090577

            QUESTION

            Use of colon ':' in type hints
            Asked 2022-Jan-20 at 23:18

            When type annotating a variable of type dict, typically you'd annotate it like this:

            ...

            ANSWER

            Answered 2022-Jan-20 at 22:49

            With dict[str:int] the hint you are passing is dict whose keys are slices, because x:y is a slice in python.

            The dict[str, int] passes the correct key and value hints, previously there also was a typing.Dict but it has been deprecated.

            Source https://stackoverflow.com/questions/70794199

            QUESTION

            Python/Selenium web scrap how to find hidden src value from a links?
            Asked 2022-Jan-16 at 02:28

            Scrapping links should be a simple feat, usually just grabbing the src value of the a tag.

            I recently came across this website (https://sunteccity.com.sg/promotions) where the href value of a tags of each item cannot be found, but the redirection still works. I'm trying to figure out a way to grab the items and their corresponding links. My typical python selenium code looks something as such

            ...

            ANSWER

            Answered 2022-Jan-15 at 19:47

            You are using a wrong locator. It brings you a lot of irrelevant elements.
            Instead of find_elements_by_class_name('thumb-img') please try find_elements_by_css_selector('.collections-page .thumb-img') so your code will be

            Source https://stackoverflow.com/questions/70721360

            QUESTION

            Convert a bytes iterable to an iterable of str, where each value is a line
            Asked 2022-Jan-10 at 08:29

            I have an iterable of bytes, such as

            ...

            ANSWER

            Answered 2022-Jan-10 at 08:29

            I used yield and re.finditer.

            The yield expression is used when defining a generator function or an asynchronous generator function and thus can only be used in the body of a function definition. Using a yield expression in a function’s body causes that function to be a generator function

            Return an iterator yielding match objects over all non-overlapping matches for the RE pattern in string. The string is scanned left-to-right, and matches are returned in the order found. Empty matches are included in the result.
            If there are no groups, return a list of strings matching the whole pattern. If there is exactly one group, return a list of strings matching that group. If multiple groups are present, return a list of tuples of strings matching the groups. Non-capturing groups do not affect the form of the result.

            The regular expression ([^\r\n]*)(\r\n|\r|\n)? can be divided into two parts to match (that is, two groups). The first group matches the data without \r and \n, and the second group matches \r, \n or \r\n.

            Source https://stackoverflow.com/questions/70639443

            Community Discussions, Code Snippets contain sources that include Stack Exchange Network

            Vulnerabilities

            No vulnerabilities reported

            Install typical

            If you're running macOS or Linux on an x86-64 CPU, you can install Typical with this command:. The same command can be used again to update to the latest version.
            VERSION=x.y.z (defaults to the latest version)
            PREFIX=/path/to/install (defaults to /usr/local/bin)
            If you're running Windows on an x86-64 CPU, download the latest binary from the releases page and rename it to typical (or typical.exe if you have file extensions visible). Create a directory called Typical in your %PROGRAMFILES% directory (e.g., C:\Program Files\Typical), and place the renamed binary in there. Then, in the "Advanced" tab of the "System Properties" section of Control Panel, click on "Environment Variables..." and add the full path to the new Typical directory to the PATH variable under "System variables". Note that the Program Files directory might have a different name if Windows is configured for a language other than English. To update to an existing installation, simply replace the existing binary.
            If you have Cargo, you can install Typical as follows:. You can run that command with --force to update an existing installation.

            Support

            For any new features, suggestions and bugs create an issue on GitHub. If you have any questions check and ask questions on community page Stack Overflow .
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            gh repo clone stepchowfun/typical

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            git@github.com:stepchowfun/typical.git

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