LiFT | LinkedIn Fairness Toolkit is a Scala/Spark library | Machine Learning library
kandi X-RAY | LiFT Summary
kandi X-RAY | LiFT Summary
The LinkedIn Fairness Toolkit (LiFT) is a Scala/Spark library that enables the measurement of fairness and the mitigation of bias in large-scale machine learning workflows. The measurement module includes measuring biases in training data, evaluating fairness metrics for ML models, and detecting statistically significant differences in their performance across different subgroups. It can also be used for ad-hoc fairness analysis. The mitigation part includes a post-processing method for transforming model scores to ensure the so-called equality of opportunity for rankings (in the presence/absence of position bias). This method can be directly applied to the model-generated scores without changing the existing model training pipeline. This library was created by Sriram Vasudevan and Krishnaram Kenthapadi (work done while at LinkedIn).
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Currently covering the most popular Java, JavaScript and Python libraries. See a Sample of LiFT
LiFT Key Features
LiFT Examples and Code Snippets
public final Observable lift(Observable.Operator lift)
class MyMap implements Observable.Operator {
private Func1 transformer;
public MyMap(Func1 transformer) {
this.transformer = transformer;
}
@Override
public Subscriber call(Subscri
def __init__(self,
initial_value=None,
trainable=None,
caching_device=None,
name=None,
dtype=None,
constraint=None,
add_initializers_to=None,
def lift_to_graph(tensors,
graph,
sources=None,
disallowed_placeholders=None,
add_sources=False,
handle_captures=False,
base_graph=None,
def init_scope():
"""A context manager that lifts ops out of control-flow scopes and function-building graphs.
There is often a need to lift variable initialization ops out of control-flow
scopes, function-building graphs, and gradient tapes.
Community Discussions
Trending Discussions on LiFT
QUESTION
I am working on a problem in C where I want to create a dynamic growing array, and if possible utilize the same functions for different data types. Presently I have a struct titled Array
that uses a void data type titled *array
which is a pointer to the array. It also holds len
which stores the active length of the array, size
which holds that length of the allocated memory, and elem
which stores the length of a datatype that is used to dynamically grow the array.
In addition, I am using three functions. The function initiate_array
does the heavy lifting of allocating memory for the array
variable in the struct and instantiating all but one of the struct elements. The function init_array
acts as a wrapper around initiate_array
and also instantiates the variable elem
in the struct. Finally, the function append_array
adds data/indices to the array and reallocates memory if necessary.
At this point the Array
struct, and the functions initiate_array
and init_array
are independent of data type; however, append_array
is hard coded for int
variables. I have tried to make append_array
somewhat data type independent by making the input int item
into void item
, but then I get a compile time error at each location with the code ((int *)array->array)[array->len - 1] = item
that tells me I cannot cast to a void.
My code is below, does anyone have a suggestion on how I can implement the append_array
function to be independent of the datatype of item
?
NOTE: I also have a function to free memory at the end of execution, but I am omitting it from this question since it is not relevant.
array.h
...ANSWER
Answered 2022-Mar-26 at 15:33The type void
is an incomplete type, and one which cannot be completed, so you can't assign to or from it, or use it as an array parameter type.
What you can do is change append_array
to take a void *
as an argument which points to the data to be added. Then you convert your data pointer to char *
so you can do single byte pointer arithmetic to get to the correct offset, then use memcpy
to copy in the data.
QUESTION
Up until Linux 5.8 CAP_SYSADMIN
was required to load any but the most basic BPF program. The recently introduced CAP_BPF
is a welcome addition as it allows to run software leveraging BPF with less privileges.
Certain types of BPF programs can access packet data. The pre-4.7 way of doing it is via bpf_skb_load_bytes()
helper. As the verifier got smarter, it became possible to perform "direct packet access", i.e. to access packet bytes by following pointers in the context structure. E.g:
ANSWER
Answered 2022-Mar-09 at 10:00To make direct packet accesses in your program, you will need CAP_PERFMON
in addition to CAP_BPF
. I'm not aware of any way around it.
Why?
Because of Spectre vulnerabilities, someone able to perform arithmetic on unbounded pointers (i.e., all except stack and map value pointers) can read arbitrary memory via speculative out-of-bounds loads.
Such operations thus need to be forbidden for unprivileged users. Allowing CAP_BPF
users to perform those operations would essentially give read access to arbitrary memory to CAP_BPF
. For those reasons, I doubt this limitation will be lifted in the future.
QUESTION
I am trying to migrate project from cats-effect 2 to cats-effect 3, i am using doobie for interacting with database. Previously i could lift ConnectionIO
to IO
as it was described, but with the upgrade i didn't find any implementation of LiftIO[ConnectionIO]
, how can be same achieved with CE3?
ANSWER
Answered 2022-Feb-21 at 20:03I found the way to achieve it by
QUESTION
data Console a
= PutStrLn String a
| GetLine (String -> a)
deriving (Functor)
type ConsoleM = Free Console
runConsole :: Console (IO a) -> IO a
runConsole cmd =
case cmd of
(PutStrLn s next) -> do
putStrLn s
next
(GetLine nextF) -> do
s <- getLine
nextF s
runConsoleM :: ConsoleM a -> IO a
runConsoleM = iterM runConsole
consolePutStrLn :: String -> ConsoleM ()
consolePutStrLn str = liftF $ PutStrLn str ()
consoleGetLine :: ConsoleM String
consoleGetLine = liftF $ GetLine id
data File a
= ReadFile FilePath (String -> a)
| WriteFile FilePath String a
deriving (Functor)
type FileM = Free File
runFile :: File (MaybeT IO a) -> MaybeT IO a
runFile cmd = case cmd of
ReadFile path next -> do
fileData <- safeReadFile path
next fileData
WriteFile path fileData next -> do
safeWriteFile path fileData
next
runFileM :: FileM a -> MaybeT IO a
runFileM = iterM runFile
rightToMaybe :: Either a b -> Maybe b
rightToMaybe = either (const Nothing) Just
safeReadFile :: FilePath -> MaybeT IO String
safeReadFile path =
MaybeT $ rightToMaybe <$> (try $ readFile path :: IO (Either IOException String))
safeWriteFile :: FilePath -> String -> MaybeT IO ()
safeWriteFile path fileData =
MaybeT $ rightToMaybe <$> (try $ writeFile path fileData :: IO (Either IOException ()))
fileReadFile :: FilePath -> FileM String
fileReadFile path = liftF $ ReadFile path id
fileWriteFile :: FilePath -> String -> FileM ()
fileWriteFile path fileData = liftF $ WriteFile path fileData ()
data Program a = File (File a) | Console (Console a)
deriving (Functor)
type ProgramM = Free Program
runProgram :: Program (MaybeT IO a) -> MaybeT IO a
runProgram cmd = case cmd of
File cmd' ->
runFile cmd'
Console cmd' ->
-- ????
runProgramM :: ProgramM a -> MaybeT IO a
runProgramM = iterM runProgram
...ANSWER
Answered 2022-Feb-20 at 05:20Now you have cmd'
of type Console (MaybeT IO a)
, and want to pass it to a function taking Console (IO a)
. The first thing you can do is to run the MaybeT
monad inside Console
and get Console (IO (Maybe a))
. You can do this by fmap
ping runMaybeT
.
Once you got Console (IO (Maybe a))
, you can pass it to runConsole
and get IO (Maybe a)
. Now, you can lift it to MaybeT IO a
using MaybeT
.
So it'll be something like this.
QUESTION
Let A and B be two sets of points in the plane, each consisting of n points. I am trying to find a efficient way to determine whether A and B can be separated by a disk - does there exist a disk D such that all the points of A lie inside D, and all the points of B lie out side it D?
There is also a hint: Use lifting to three dimensions.
Any help will be appreciated.
...ANSWER
Answered 2022-Jan-26 at 13:36Embed the points as (x, y) ↦ (x, y, x² + y²) and test whether there is a separating hyperplane. This works because
If we have parameters (a, b, c) such that a x + b y + x² + y² < c if (x, y) ∈ A and > c if (x, y) ∈ B, then the comparison is equivalent to (x − (−a/2))² + (y − (−b/2))² ? c + (−a/2)² + (−b/2)², which is equivalent to a separating circle with center (−a/2, −b/2) and radius √(c + (−a/2)² + (−b/2)²);
Conversely, we can do the algebra to go from a separating circle to a separating hyperplane.
QUESTION
I'm trying to express an idea that given
...ANSWER
Answered 2022-Jan-25 at 19:53You get the exact same error with the slightly simpler definition of Foo c m
given here:
QUESTION
I am seeking to find optimal control (aoa and bank angle) to maximize cross range for a shuttle type reentry vehicle using Gekko. Below is my code currently and I am getting a "Solution not found" with "EXIT: Maximum Number of Iterations Exceeded". The simulation assumes a point mass with a non-rotating earth frame. The EOMS are 6 coupled, non-linear ODEs. I have tried using different solvers, implementing/removing state and control constraints, increasing maximum number of iterations, etc. I am not confident with my setup and implementation of the problem in Gekko and am hoping for some feedback on what I can try next. I have tried to follow the setup and layouts in APMonitor's Example 11. Optimal Control with Integral Objective, Inverted Pendulum Optimal Control, and Example 13. Optimal Control: Minimize Final Time. Solutions I'm seeking are below.
Any help is very much appreciated!
...ANSWER
Answered 2022-Jan-14 at 04:17I got a successful solution by decreasing the final time (max=0.04 for successful solution) and rearranging the equations to avoid a possible divide-by-zero:
QUESTION
I have a following problem. I am doing association rules mining using efficient_apriori
package in python. I would like to save my rules as pandas data frame. See my code:
ANSWER
Answered 2021-Dec-07 at 08:14Use internal __dict__
of Rule
instance:
Setup a MRE
QUESTION
I have been stuck on this issue for a week and don't seem to be getting anywhere. I am trying to copy some methods and fields from one class to another.
I have two phases that are involved in this. The first phase scans the code, finds the method defs that need to copied, and save the corresponding Tree
The second phase inserts this tree where needs to go. In order to simplify this question, let's forget about the copying and say that I am trying to insert a simple method def hello(): String = "hello"
to the body of some class
The plugin runs after the typer
(because I need the package information), and I am having a problem with injecting the type information properly. This results in an assertion exception in the later type checking
stage (Full stacktrace at the bottom)
I asked about this in the metaprogramming
discord and was pointed to the following resources.
Scala compiler plugin to rewrite method calls
https://contributors.scala-lang.org/t/scala-compiler-plugin-naming-issues-after-typer/2835
But neither yielded successful results unfortunately. I am assuming I have to take special care because the return type is a primitive (?), as the type gets interfaced through Predef
First Attempt:
Results in the error at the very end
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Nov-19 at 16:53Posting an answer so the question can be closed. It took me a while but I think I figured it out.
Thanks to @SethTisue for pointing me to TwoTails
. I was able to correctly synthesize a method using the part of the code in that repo. However the bottom line is doing something like this after the typer is not trivially possible. Here is the reason why:
Say you are trying to synthesize and append a method m
to a class C
after the typer. The problem is if you are synthesizing this method, you will eventually invoke it somewhere new C().m
. The membership is resolved during the typer, so the typer will never complete and throw an error method m is not a member of C
. So,
If you don't require the package information to achieve this, you should do this after the parser
If you need the package information, this gets very tricky. You need to add a few new phases after the parser. I will omit the code because it is very lengthy but here is the gist of it.
Phase 1: Accumulate the list of Class Names you will be appending to and their existing method, skip if it's a pre-known class
Phase 2: Go through the code and accumulate a list of all the symbols that correspond to an instance of this class.
ValDef
and any parameters to theDefDef
. If you have implemented Hindley Milner you will immediately identify the problem that will a way to distinguish similarly named symbols in different scopes. There is a lot of existing literature on this that you can read, I am skipping the details.Phase 3: Go through the code and accumulate a list of method names that are invoked on
C
but doesn't yet exist. You need to memorize the parameters and their types as well. Whether you need the return type or not really depends on what you are doing and/or if you want extra soundness/verification in a later step. You can skip this phase if the method you are appending is static and you already know what members will be missing in advance.Phase 4: Go through the code one last time and append a null method into
C
that with the proper name and types. Retuningnull
isn't the best thing, not sure if there is a better alternative.Later in the typer replace the appended method body with the proper one (the one you are copying)
The actual synthesis looks like this but as I mentioned above, if you actually want this to work, you will need to figure out all the stuff above.
QUESTION
After the release of Python 3.10, I reinstalled my modules for the newest version and I'm getting some trouble. First of all I tried to pip Numpy as it's the required one for matplotlib. But I got this problem:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Nov-06 at 23:20As others have stated, Python 3.10 is not currently compatible with Matplotlib. You need to install and use Python 3.9 until it is supported. Until then you have a few options:
WindowsYou can use the Python Launcher for Windows (py.exe) script to choose which Python version to run like so:
py.exe script help:
py -h
List all installed versions
py -0
Use a specified version
py -3.9
e.g. 1
Create a virtual environment using python 3.9
py -3.9 venv .venv
e.g. 2
install matplotlib with pip using python 3.9
py -3.9 -m pip install matplotlib
On Linux you can run whatever Python version you like like so:
python3.9
You can set up a local (your working directory and all sub-directories) virtual environment that will use your specified version like so:
python3.9 -m venv .venv
Which will set the version of python used to 3.9 while in the local directory, and allow you to type python
instead of python3.9
each time you need it.
Another relevant and helpful post by Rotareti here.
Please note that I have not described how to activate and use Python Virtual Environments here in detail, for more information on using them read the python docs.
Reference this answer if you're interested in installing a matplotlib release candidate.
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