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QUESTION
I'm going through the ISO-7816 documentation and having trouble interpreting the CLA scheme under section 5.4.1, Table 9:
b4 b3 b2 b1 Meaning x x - - Secure messaging (SM) Format 0 x - - No SM or SM not according to 1.6 0 0 - - No SM or no SM indication 0 1 - - Proprietary SM formatWhat I understand so far is that if CLA = 8X, then the above nibble represents the various patterns that "X" can take on. What do the symbols "x" (lowercase) and "-" imply in terms of the value of the bit at that position? More concretely, what would a CLA of "80" mean? How is 0000 different from xxxx or ---- ?
...ANSWER
Answered 2022-Mar-24 at 08:06More concretely, what would a CLA of "80" mean?
CLA=80 corresponds to the proprietary class, because "Bit b8 set to 1 indicates the proprietary class". Table in section 5.4.1 specifies interindustry class, i.e. where bit 8 set to 0.
What do the symbols "x" (lowercase) and "-" imply in terms of the value of the bit at that position?
You can treat mark 'x' as wildchar (any value), mark '-' as "bit is not used in this case", and 0 and 1 as exact values for bit place. So, xx-- is just a bit mask. It tells that bit 4 and bit 3 indicate what SM format is used int the command and bit 2 and bit 1 are used for something different .
0x-- can be 00-- or 01--.
Bits 2 and 1 are described with an other line of the table.
QUESTION
I need to convert a UUID (like ffffffff-ffff-ffff-ffff-ffffffffffff
) to a number with as least digits as possible. These UUIDs are being generated by com.fasterxml.uuid.impl.TimeBasedGenerator.java.
ANSWER
Answered 2022-Feb-17 at 17:13QUESTION
When trying to write some routine in x86 assembly for a boot loader, I came across a bug where when a division error happened, the program would get stuck in an infinite loop. Through investigating, I found out that calling int 0 would go through the exception handler normally and then continue execution of the rest of the program. Writing my own exception handler for x86, the return address when a division error exception happened was the address of the instruction, meaning that it would just execute the division over and over looping forever. Is this normal behavior or a bug with Virtualbox/my cpu specifically?
...ANSWER
Answered 2022-Feb-10 at 20:04Original 8086/8088 does push the exception of the following instruction for #DE
exceptions.
But all other x86 CPUs push the start address of the faulting div
/idiv
instruction. (At least starting from 386; I don't know what 286 did.)
That's normal for x86 in general: faulting instructions push the address of the instruction that faulted. x86 machine code can't be reliably/unambiguously decoded backwards, so the design intent is that the exception handler can examine the situation and potentially repair it, and re-run the faulting instruction.
See Intel x86 - Interrupt Service Routine responsibility which breaks down the differences between Faults, Traps, and Aborts, and even specifically mentions the difference between int 0
and a faulting div
.
That's useful for #PF page faults, although not as realistic for things like FP and integer arithmetic exceptions. But if not repair, then at least report the actual instruction that faulted. e.g. idiv dword [fs: rdi + 0xf1f7f1f7]
would be ambiguous to disassemble backwards. The f7 f1
bytes in the disp32 are the encoding for div ecx
. You also wouldn't know if a jump had jumped straight to the idiv
opcode after the FS prefix. So it's definitely useful for debugging and possibly other purposes to have the actual address of the start of the faulting instruction, not its end.
int 0
(if allowed by the IDT if you're not in in real mode) pushes the CS:[ER]IP of the following instruction, of course, since it's not something that could re-run without faulting after the situation is repaired.
The 8086 behaviour maybe have been an intentional decision to simply the hardware at the expense of worse behaviour. It has no limit on max instruction length, and AFAIK avoids having to remember the start of an instruction at all. If cs rep movsb
is interrupted by an external interrupt, the interrupt-return address is before the final prefix, not the actual instruction start. (i.e. it would resume as rep movsb
without the cs
prefix, which is a disaster if you put the prefixes in that order. This is the biggest "worse behaviour".) Since 8086 doesn't have any kind of page-faults or configurable segment-limits, it can't take a synchronous exception during rep cs movsb
or other rep-string instructions, only async external interrupts.
See Why do call and jump instruction use a displacement relative to the next instruction, not current? for more guesswork about 8086 design decisions.
QUESTION
I have a data model like this picture below and all of them are in the same collection, but of course are different in data structure. I used the manual references in document movies and document studios. For example, like the code below:
For document people
{ "_id": 100600, "first_name": "Becka", "last_name": "Battson", "birth_day": "2001-10-03" }
For document movies
{ "_id": 1100, "title": "Tom and Jerry", "director_id": 100100, "release_year": 2018, "imdb": { "rating": 4.8, "votes": 100 }, "actors": [ { "person_id": 100300, "as": "Tom" }, { "person_id": 100400, "as": "Jerry" }, { "person_id": 100500, "as": "Nibbles" } ] }
For document studios:
{ "_id": 9991000, "name": "Walt Disney", "year_founded": 1923, "movies": [ 1100, 1200 ], "headquarters": { "address": "1375 E Buena Vista Dr", "city": "New York", "state": "New York", "country": "US" } }
I have some tasks that need join between 2 documents together to get data. For example, "Indicates that the movies have the actor has the last name "Battson" . But I know that MongoDB doesn't support join documents like joining 2 tables in RDBMS.
I have tried to used this code below in MongoDB shell but it doesn't make sense. I think I need to get the values from the _id in the result query, then push them into the array array_idActor so that the second code can run:
...ANSWER
Answered 2022-Jan-31 at 13:21join two collections
QUESTION
I was thinking about parsing a list of integers (from a property string). However, I would like to go beyond just positive and negative decimal values and parse any string that indicates a Java integer literal (JLS 17) as can be found in source code. Similarly, I would like to be lenient with regards to any prefixes, separators and appendices around the integers themselves. In other words, I want to find them using repeated calls to Matcher.find()
.
Is there a regular expression that matches all possible Java integer literals? It doesn't need to check the upper and lower bounds.
Even though I did explicitly link to the JLS, I'll show some valid and invalid numbers:
-1
: the1
is matched, but the minus is an unary operator (I'll adjust if necessary)0x00_00_00_0F
: the value fifteen is matched as hex digits, with an underscore to separate the two nibbles0b0000_1111
: the value fifteen in binary is matched017
: the octal value of fifteen is matched
ANSWER
Answered 2021-Nov-23 at 22:08Well.... in simplest terms, base 2, 8, and 10 number could use the same pattern since their values are all numeric characters. BUT, you probably want an expression for each type. The problem is that you did not make clear your intent. I am going on the assumption that you want the expression to validate what base a particular value is.
QUESTION
I'm experimenting with the new C++ 2020 std::format
function. I would like to represent the output with a width deduced from its type. Currently I have this line:
ANSWER
Answered 2021-Nov-29 at 17:05Is
#
supposed to count the0x
as part of the width? (If I remove it, I get 8 nibbles as expected)
Yes. There is an example in [format.string.std]/13 which illustrates this. The whole string is 6 characters, including the 0x
:
QUESTION
My program tries to decrypt the data of a file by writing the file to a buffer, manipulating the buffer data, then writing the buffer to a new output file. Currently this program does not manipulate the data inside the buffer, it just writes the buffer data to the output file as is. What would be the correct way to write the manipulated data from my buffer into a new file?
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Nov-08 at 11:52Try assigning the result of nibbleSwap
and bitSwap
calls to buffer[x]
, i.e. change your second for loop like so:
QUESTION
Can anyone assist with my understanding of these directions? I'm currently learning x86 Assembly, but I cannot seem to display the output I'm looking for. I understand AL contains the byte I need to display..but how can I display the correct output, considering these requirements:
I am getting stuck on WriteChar for DH and DL, as the output I'm looking for with my solution does not appear to be correct...I can't tell what I'm missing. I can initialize AL and DL/DH correctly, but when I use WriteChar, it prints a completely different character.
- store in the register DH the ASCII code of the most significant nibble.
- store in the register DL the ASCII code of the least significant nibble.
- Display (using WriteChar) on the console the character stored in DH (recall that WriteChar uses AL for the character to display).
- Display (using WriteChar) on the console the character stored in DL.
- Display ‘h’ to indicate that the number is a hexadecimal number.
- ‘Display’ the ‘line feed’ character (ASCII code is 0Ah) to go to the next line.
- ‘Display’ the ‘carriage’ character (ASCII code is 0Dh) to go to the next line.
Here is an example and below that is what I have so far...
Example : If AL contains the number 94h, your program 1) must store 39h (ASCII code of the character ‘9’) in DH , 2) must store 34h (ASCII code of the character ‘4’) in DL, 3) must display the characters ‘9’, ‘4’, ‘h’, ‘linefeed’, and ‘carriage return’.
Code Attempt:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Nov-05 at 20:58Hex conversion from numbers 0 to 9 involves adding 48 to get to "0" to "9"
Hex conversion from numbers 10 to 15 involves adding 55 (48 + 7) to get to "A" to "F"
QUESTION
Simple question as title says. I saw some questions on StackOverflow(and in internet) about use cases of nibbles, but I don't understand why do we need to use nibbles. I mean byte is the smallest unit of memory in computing so performing operations on it to manipulate half of it does not seem to be efficient. for example there is article on GeeksForGeeks about swapping nibbles in byte. So if there is need of such thing as nibble why it is not defined as data type(like byte
or int
or any other) in any nonarchaic programming language?
I know history of bits, nibbles or bytes. Also read wikipedia articles and googled lots of stuff to find the answer on my question, but I was not able to. Maybe this will mark as opinion based and closed but I just wanna have some discussion about this topic, I don't know other good place to ask the same question, so please be kind.
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Sep-28 at 09:38“Those who don't know history are doomed to repeat it.” by Edmund Burke
In the old days, when memory was scarce (20K was considered a lot), terminals were more like typewriters (think keypunch) there was the use of BCD (Binary Coded Decimal). Even the Wikipedia article on Nibble notes BCD.
Each nibble represented a decimal digit. The nibbles went from 0-9 and a byte could represent two decimal digits. Now when these bytes were printed in code dumps on Green-bar when your program crashed, you could look at the Hex dump portion and read the vales as straight up decimal digits, no need to do the binary conversion of the bits to decimal in your head.
So does that mean all code was written using BCD? No, if you had a problem with some values you would just add some lines to convert the values to BCD (think debug statements) then read the BDC in the dump instead of doing all of the conversions. You could try to do all of the work in BCD but as with many types, sometimes not all of the functions are present and so you need to change types. Same with BCD sometimes you could not do things with BCD that you could do with integers. Make sense?
Added question from comment
Is there any need for nibble right now in modern programming world? and if yes why ?
I would not expect to see nibbles used with code that is created using modern high level programming language compilers but with microcontrollers I would not be surprised to see nibbles being used.
Basically if a nibble is not hard coded as part of a set of instructions for a processor I would not expect to see a nibble being used.
QUESTION
I'm using Django and trying to get javascript to add a hidden field and then pass it to a view try to process the value.
When I hard code the hidden field using the following in my template:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Sep-08 at 23:09It seems that setting data-price
on all the divs
and my button
was leading to the update option
function being called twice. Once where the option_id was being set, the second time it wasn't.
Another learning experience. Sigh.
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