iris | goes well

You can use the following -

We can use across (used dplyr 1.0.6 version)

Three options:

Determine the y range before plotting. For this there are two options, choose from one of the ylim= below:

TL;DR

• Add tf.compat.v1.disable_v2_behavior() at the top for TF 2.4+
• calculate shap values on numpy array, not on df

Full reproducible example:

It is because you only specify 3 values, but you have many more points. One way to do this is to specify every point:

You can create separate column for labels. For 0 frequency make them as blank.

You need to set self.theta to be an array, not a scalar (at least in this specific problem).

In your case, (intercepted-augmented) X is a '3 by n' array, so try self.theta = [0, 0, 0] for example. This will correct the specific error 'bool' object has no attribute 'mean'. Still, this will just produce preds as a zero vector; you haven't fit the model yet.

To let you know how I approached the error, I first went to the exact line the error message was pointing to, and put print(preds == y) before the line, and it printed out False. I guess what you expected was a vector of True and Falses. Your y seemed okay; it was a vector (a list to be specific). So I tried print(pred), which showed me a '3 by n' array, which is weird. Now going up from that line, I found out that pred comes from predict_prob(), especially np.dot(X, self.theta). Here, when X is a '3 by n' array and self.theta is a scalar, numpy seems to multiply the scalar to each item in the array and return the array (having the same dimension as the original array), instead of doing matrix multiplication! So you need to explicitly provide self.theta as an array (conforming to the dimension of X).

Hope the answer and the reasoning behind it helped.

As for the red line you mentioned in the comment, I guess it is also because you are not fitting the model. (To see the problem, put print(probs) before plt.countour(...). You'll see an array with 0.5 only.)

So try putting model.fit(X, y) before preds = model.predict(X). (You'll also need to put self.verbose = verbose in the __init__().)

After that, I get the following:

When calculating an eigenvector you may change its sign and the solution will also be a valid one.

So any PCA axis can be reversed and the solution will be valid.

Nevertheless, you may wish to impose a positive correlation of a PCA axis with one of the original variables in the dataset, inverting the axis if needed.