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QUESTION
I am having initialization trouble with an exchange rate structure. In the method getRates I have been trying to implement dictionary key / value logic to copy exchange rates into an ordered array. I am getting the error "Variable 'moneyRates' used before being initialized". I tried adding a memberwise initializer but was unsure how to initialize the rate array. I have also been wondering if I should move the instance of MoneyRates to the top of the class instead of in the getRates method.
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-10 at 04:47The error you are getting is because you declare the variable "moneyRates" but you do not instantiate it to something.
QUESTION
My Issue: I have a dataset of continuous values, but need to generate more "artificial" data points so that I have enough power to do some analyses.
My proposed solution: Sample from the density distribution of the dataset by dividing the dataset into bins of equal width and then sampling a random number from that bin's range based on its height. Something like this:
My Attempt:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-01 at 15:14Can something like this will do? x
is small vector and y
is extra generated value. Finally c(x,y)
will serve your purpose
QUESTION
I am having difficulties customising the aesthetics of an interactive line plot in Plotly Python, and would appreciate some assistance from members of the community here.
Here is a picture of the plot I would like to amend, a working example of which is supplied further down the page:
In particular, I want to know how or what can be modified so that I can
1. Remove 'step-#' in 'Sample size n = step-#', and replace with 'Sample size n = #', where #
is a number. Currently the value of #
is also out of sync with the title. So in this figure #
should be displayed as 300.
2. Remove the 'step-#' annotating the slider, and replace it with something else.
3. Adjust number of 'ticks' on the slider line.
Ideally, I would appreciate if someone could tell me definitively what keywords or parameters I need to be amending in Plotly.
Having read the documentation, it is not clear to me what parameters/keyword arguments I need to be tweaking in order to customise the aesthetics to be closer to what I desire. And I don't know if the customisation I'm looking for can be achieved with these parameter/keyword argument tweaks, or if it would require a rewriting of the code I have reproduced below.
Essentially, I want the slider looking something more like the one in this example:
Minimal working code example.
I adapted this code from the example from the Plotly documentation on sliders here
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-31 at 20:47- plotly examples are quite often portable code (easily refactored to R, JS or python)
- structure code in more pythonic way and it becomes obvious how to achieve what you want
QUESTION
I got a sample data and i'm trying to obtain the parameters for two-parameter exponential function calculed based on maximum likelihood.
My sample:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-31 at 20:02The two-parameter exponential function is an exponential function with a lower endpoint at xi
. Finding MLEs of distributions with such sharp boundary points is a bit of a special case: the MLE for the boundary is equal to the minimum value observed in the data set (see e.g. this CrossValidated question). That makes the MLE of the two-parameter exponential equivalent to the MLE of the exponential distribution for x-xmin
.
So the MLE of xi
is
QUESTION
Following is a kind of data set I am working on it:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-29 at 06:41You could use the estimate of lambda and put it into VGAM::dzipois
and VGAM::pzipois
.
QUESTION
I want to draw CDF and PDF plots with different axes. Here is my data;
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-27 at 14:29I don't understand why you wouldn't rather plot the normal CDF (with the same y axis).
QUESTION
Tl;dr: I would like a function that randomly returns a float (or optionally an ndarray of floats) in an interval following a probability distribution that resembles the sum of a "Gaussian" and a uniform distributions.
The function (or class) - let's say custom_distr()
- should have as inputs (with default values already given):
- the lower and upper bounds of the interval:
low=0.0
,high=1.0
- the mean and standard deviation parameters of the "Gaussian":
loc=0.5
,scale=0.02
- the size of the output:
size=None
size
can be an integer or a tuple of integers. If so, thenloc
andscale
can either both simultaneously be scalars, or ndarrays whoseshape
corresponds tosize
.
The output is a scalar or an ndarray, depending on size.
The output has to be scaled to certify that the cumulative distribution is equal to 1 (I'm uncertain how to do this).
Note that I'm following numpy.random.Generator
's naming convention from uniform
and normal
distributions as reference, but the nomenclature and the utilized packages does not really matter to me.
Since I couldn't find a way to "add" numpy.random.Generator
's uniform and Gaussian distributions directly, I've tried using scipy.stats.rv_continuous
subclassing, but I'm stuck at how to define the _rvs
method, or the _ppf
method to make it fast.
From what I've understood of rv_continuous class definition in Github, _rvs
uses numpy
's random.RandomState
(which is out of date in comparison to random.Generator
) to make the distributions. This seems to defeat the purpose of using scipy.stats.rv_continuous
subclassing.
Another option would be to define _ppf
, the percent-point function of my custom distribution, since according to rv_generic class definition in Github, the default function _rvs
uses _ppf
. But I'm having trouble defining this function by hand.
Following, there is a MWE, tested using low=0.0
, high=1.0
, loc=0.3
and scale=0.02
. The names are different than the "The issue" section, because terminologies of terms are different between numpy
and scipy
.
ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-25 at 23:30According to Wikipedia, the ppf, or percent-point function (also called the Quantile function), can be written as the inverse function of the cumulative distribution function (cdf), when the cdf increases monotonically.
From the figure shown in the question, the cdf of my custom distribution function does, indeed, increase monotonically - as is expected, since the cdf's of Gaussian and uniform distributions do so too.
The ppf of the general normal distribution can be found in this Wikipedia page under "Quartile function". And the ppf of a uniform function defined between a
and b
can be calculated simply as p*(b-a)+a
, where p
is the desired probability.
But the inverse function of the sum of two functions, cannot (in general) be trivially written as a function of the inverses! See this Mathematics Exchange post for more information.
Therefore, the partial "solution" I have found thus far is to save an array containing the cdf of my custom distribution when instantiating an object and then finding the ppf (i.e. the inverse function of the cdf) via 1D interpolation, which only works as long as the cdf is indeed a monotonically increasing function.
NOTE 1: I still haven't fixed the bound's check issue mentioned by Peter O.
NOTE 2: The proposed solution is unviable if an ndarray of loc
's were given, because of the lack of a closed-form expression for the Quartile function. Therefore, the original question is still open.
The working code is now:
QUESTION
i get the GMM models of generation of electricity for my SPS (solar power station) through scikit-learn and search Probability Density Function (PDF, black line):
But i want get a probability function (CDF or Cumulative distribution function). In other words, i want to get a function like an example:
that can receive values on axes y in range [0, 1] and grows on all x-axis. Does scikit-learn allow it or not?
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-23 at 18:49Let's say you have done something like this:
QUESTION
I was trying to calculate the p-value for the following coin toss example:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-12 at 17:13The z value is the standardized value of a normal distribution and it is NOT a probability. Also, the probability for an exact value in a continuous distribution is a bit more tricky. This scenario sounds optimal for binomial distribution.
QUESTION
I'm using the np
package in R
, and I would like to use the nonparametric distribution function npudist
as for instance we normally use the ecdf
function.
ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-12 at 15:50The following should work for you:
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