bayesian | Utility for Bayesian reasoning | Machine Learning library
kandi X-RAY | bayesian Summary
kandi X-RAY | bayesian Summary
Utility for Bayesian reasoning
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Top functions reviewed by kandi - BETA
- Classify a folder
- Calculates the odds of events
- Classify a file
- Return the label of the given value
- Classify an instance
- Updates the distribution with the given events
- Return the sum of the values
- Cast to Bayes object
- Update the transform with the given value
- Classify a normal distribution of a Normal distribution
- Gaussian probability
- Calculates the distribution of properties of each class
- Gaussian distribution
- Update the values from the given tests
- Return the inverse of the vector
- Return the label with the given cutoff
- Classify an event
- Returns the inverse of the vector
- Update the vector
bayesian Key Features
bayesian Examples and Code Snippets
Community Discussions
Trending Discussions on bayesian
QUESTION
I am using lmfit for solving a non-linear optimization problem. It works fine to the point where I am trying to implement a measurement error as the standard deviation of the dependent variable y (sigma_y). My problem is, that I cannot interpret the Information criteria properly. When implementing the return (model - y)/(sigma_y)
they just raise from really low to very high values.
i.e. [left: return (model - y)
-weighting-> right: return (model - y)/(sigma_y)
]:
- chi-square 0.00159805 -> 47.3184972
- reduced chi-square 1.7756e-04 -> 5.25761080 expectation value is 1 || SO discussion
- Akaike info crit -93.2055413 -> 20.0490661 the more negative, the better
- Bayesian info crit -92.4097507 -> 20.8448566 the more negative, the better
My guess is, that this is somehow connected to bad usage of lmfit (wrong calculation of Information criteria, bad error scaling) or to a general lack of understanding these criteria (to me reduced chi-square of 5.258 (under-estimated) or 1.776e-4 (over-estimated) sounds like a really poor fit, but the plot of residuals etc. looks okay for me...)
Here is my example code that reproduces the problem:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-12 at 02:48Well, in order for the magnitude of chi-square to be meaningful (for example, that it be around (N_data - N_varys), the scale of the uncertainties has to be correct -- giving the 1-sigma standard deviation for each observation.
It's not really possible for lmfit to detect whether the sigma you use has the right scale.
QUESTION
I am learning about Dynamic Bayesian Network models using the R package bnlearn
. To this end, I am following this paper where they impose certain constraints in the form of 6 layers (Table 1 in the paper):
ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jun-05 at 14:47You can add domain knowledge or constraints to structure learning in a couple of ways.
If you want to specify the network structure and parameters using domain knowledge, you can build the network manually using
custom.fit
.If you want to estimate the structure of the BN from data then you can impose constraints on edge direction & edge presence using the
whitelist
andblacklist
parameters in the structure learning algorithms.A prior can be placed on the edges in structure learning (e.g.
prior="cs"
, where "If prior is cs, beta is a data frame with columns from, to and prob specifying the prior probability for a set of arcs. A uniform probability distribution is assumed for the remaining arcs."). There are other priors that can be used.
QUESTION
I’m trying to use PyMC3 Minibatch ADVI for Bayesian Regression. The pm.fit function throws the following error and I’m not sure how to fix it.
It says that the ‘str’ object has no attribute ‘type’. What is any ‘str’ object from the error message here? I’ve mapped float tensors for more_replacements to the best of what I know.
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-31 at 17:34The blog post you are working from shows
QUESTION
I am attempting to reduce the dimensionality of a categorical feature by extracting an embedding layer from a neural net and using it as an input feature in a separate XGBoost model.
An embedding layer has the dimensions (nr. unique categories + 1, chosen output size). How can it be concatenated to the continuous variables in the original training data with the dimensions (nr. observations, nr. features)?
Below is a reproducible example of regression with a neural net, in which a categorical feature is encoded as a learned embedding layer. The example is closely adapted from: http://machinelearningmechanic.com/keras/2018/03/09/keras-regression-with-categorical-variable-embeddings-md.html#Define-the-input-layers
At the end I have printed the embedding layer and its shape. How can this layer be merged with the continuous features in the original training data (X_train_continuous)? If the number of rows were equal to the number of categories and if we knew the order in which categories are represented in the embedding layer, the embedding array could perhaps be joined to the training observations on category, but instead the number of rows equals the number of categories + 1 (in the code: len(values) + 1).
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-19 at 20:56One thing you can do is to run your 'pretrained' model with each layer having a unique name and save it
Then, create your new model, with the same named layers you want to keep, and use Model.load_weights(file_path, by_name=True)
This will let you keep all of the layers that you want and let you change everything afterwards
QUESTION
I am trying to fit a gaussian. I tried to fit using OriginPro and Python. The fit in OriginPro is better than that obtained through Python and I would like to do it using Python.
The code I used is:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-16 at 02:06Hints give in the comments seem to be insufficient. You need to include an offset in your model. A Gaussian function goes to 0 far from the peak intensity - I don't know what OriginPro is doing, but clearly, it is modeling more than a Gaussian.
Try making a model that is a Gaussian + a Constant, as with:
QUESTION
I receive error messages in R
that I can't trace back.
I am trying to fit Bayesian tree models to data with more covariates than observations. With my level of knowledge, I believed this should not be a problem, however, no matter what package I try, all attempts resulted in errors.
When using the bcf()
-function from the bcf
-package with ncol(x) > nrow(x)
, I get the error:
bcfoverparRcppClean(yscale[perm], z[perm], t(x_c[perm, ]), t(x_m[perm, : drmu failed
bcfoverparRcppClean()
itself is written in C++
which I did not attempt to dig into just yet.
When I only select parts of the covariates, the function performs as expected.
Similar happens for example with the bart()
-function from the BayesTree
-package.
Here, the error reads:
NA/NaN/Inf in foreign function call (arg 7)
Needless to say, that there are no NAs, nor infinite values in the data and the error disappears once more observations than covariates are being fed.
Please find a reproducible example below:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-09 at 18:02If someone comes along that question with a similar problem.
I ended up using the bartMachine()
-function from the bartMachine
-package.
It can handle high-dimensional data.
Still interested in the reason why it did not work with the other packages if someone knows.
QUESTION
I am trying to optimize the hyperparameters of a LSTM with Bayesian Optimization. But I received the error message TypeError: only integer scalar arrays can be converted to a scalar index
when I run the code. A solution I found is to convert the training data and validation data into arrays, but in my code they are already arrays not lists. Or convert them into tuples but I cannot see how I would do this
X_train shape: (946, 60, 1)
y_train shape: (946,)
X_val shape: (192, 60, 1)
y_val shape: (192,)
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-06 at 12:25Your code should look like:
QUESTION
I am trying to create a table in matplotlib with varied row colors. The colors I provide to ax.table()
are not being applied to the cell. I cannot find anything in the documentation that would indicate why. Is this a bug or am I doing something incorrectly?
ANSWER
Answered 2021-Apr-28 at 20:03If it is okey for you, try to use closed edges
.
QUESTION
I am working with Bayesian Networks for the first time and I am using Catnet package in R. The reason being my data is full of categorical variables and a lot of missing data too. I tried the simple example posted elsewhere in StackOverflow just to get a sense of how it works. While it is able to produce the conditional probabilities of each of the nodes in the network, I am not able to visualize the network graphically for an easier understanding. The cnPlot(catNetwork)
just returns null. I was wondering if someone with experience using CatNet can point me to the problems with my approach. Thanks.
ANSWER
Answered 2021-Apr-26 at 20:43Similarly for me, the example from ?cnPlot
also produces NULL
and no R plot. Adding a file argument produces no output either. cnDot(cnet, "cnet")
produces an external dot
file which can be rendered with graphviz
but this is not ideal.
If you can get the adjacency matrix or edge list you could pass this to igraph
or Rgraphiz
to plot the net manually; catnet
has the cnMatParents
function to return the adjacency matrix.
Then just need to define a plot function that takes an adjacency matrix as input. In the function below the plot type can be set to "i"
fro igraph
or "d"
for graphviz
/dot
via Rgraphviz
.
QUESTION
I have some text in which I want to replace with an actual link.
The text looks like this:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Apr-16 at 18:11
sed -e 's|\\([a-zA-Z]*\\)\\.html|http://cran.rstudio.com/web/views/\\1.html|'
It doesn't work.
This is a quoting issue. Inside single quotes '...'
backslashes \
need no escaping. Bash parses '\\('
as \\(
and sends it to sed
which interprets it as the literal string \(
. Therefore, you are replacing the literal string " \(
someLetters\)\.html
" which never occurs in your file.
You probably meant sed 's|\([a-zA-Z]*\)\.html|http://cran.rstudio.com/web/views/\1.html|'
.
By the way: sed
can also do the grep
part for you. Also, with -E
you need less backslashes. But since you append the .html
again, you don't need the group \(....\)
in the first place.
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Install bayesian
You can use bayesian like any standard Python library. You will need to make sure that you have a development environment consisting of a Python distribution including header files, a compiler, pip, and git installed. Make sure that your pip, setuptools, and wheel are up to date. When using pip it is generally recommended to install packages in a virtual environment to avoid changes to the system.
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