adts | Algebraic Data Types for Ruby | Functional Programming library

AFAIU the documentation, you don't need to provide codecs for each subtype and the _t should be added automatically.

The docs say:

you only need create a CodecProvider for the parent sealed trait/class. Internally an extra field (_t) is stored alongside the data

so something like this should be enough for you:

Rust is an expression oriented language, so lots of things which are traditionally considered statements in other languages are actually expressions, such as most control flow. Loops for example are expressions, See the rust book for more details. However, at the moment of the various forms of loop, only loop expressions can have a value other than ! or (), as all other loop expressions have an implicit break condition;

As for array and struct, these represent the corresponding literals. So array expression kind refers to an array literal: [1, 2, 3] An array literals value is an array of those values specified. The same is true for structs.

You are going to drive yourself nuts with input errors if you don't nail down the file input aspect of filling your list. Why !.eof() inside a loop condition is always wrong. (it is and it is corrupting your attempts at input).

The problem with your use of while (!info.eof()) is after reading last line, .eof() is NOT yet set, so you loop again attempting, info >> newNode->id; which fails setting eofbit. However, since you don't check the stream state after each read, you invoke Undefined Behavior in your code continually attempting to read from a stream with eofbit set for name, address, country, number and imagePath. The game is over at that point. Your code could appear to operate correctly or SEGFAULT or anything in between. It's operation is no longer defined.

However, your data corruption starts with the very first six-lines of data for the very first node. Since you are reading groups of 6-lines of data for each node, you must make every read with getline(). Otherwise >> will leave the '\n' at the end of each line Unread.

Your next call to getline() for name reads nothing because it found '\n' as the next character in the input stream and considered the input an empty-line. getline() extracts the '\n' and returns. You then read name into address, and address into country. Your next info >> newNode->number; fails because your line ordering is now off and you attempt to read "japan" into number which fails setting failbit on the stream (which isn't checked and isn't eofbit) so the carnage continues... completely corrupting each node you attempt to add to your list.

C++ provides a much simpler and robust way to handle input. When working with any class or struct, you can overload the >> (std::istream) and << (std::ostream) operators to read just what is needed to fill your personalInfo struct. With classes, you declare the overload as a friend function of the class to provide access to the private members. In your case you could declare:

I think the date logic you want is:

You're correct in your description of an abstract data type. However if you are referring to java.util.Stack, it isn't abstract and you can check the documentation here.

Edit

A LinkedList is also not abstract, but is an implementation of the List interface. The Node class is just used in the LinkedList implementation. Apart from for learning purposes or using a Node style structure elsewhere, there is no need to create your own version.

You're close, but reading it wrong. Function names do not have things like * in them, only types do.

This defines a function that returns list* (a.k.a. struct list* which is what typedef establishes earlier) given argument d of type int:

After researching, i found this: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-adts/3fad0ec9-414c-432a-ba0b-837c74091dd6 which states "Active Directory supports search over UDP only for searches against rootDSE". And specifically what I have found is that rootDSE gives information about the active directory itself but not the groups inside.

What is a List? As you say, it's a thing that, when provided with a constant (what to do if the list is empty) and a continuation (what to do if the list is non-empty), does one of those things. In types, it takes an r and a a -> List a -> r and produces an r.

So, how do we make a list? Well, we need the function that underlies this behavior. That is, we need a function that itself takes the r and the a -> List a -> r and does something with them (presumably, either returning the r directly or calling the function on some a and List a). The type of that would look something like:

This was nothing more than a difficult bug to find. Zooming in on the audio sample in Audacity revealed the repeating pattern of 1024 samples wide.

A buffer was in fact not being updated properly and I was processing the same audio frame over and over: