libfinite | Libfinite - a tiny bignum library | Math library
kandi X-RAY | libfinite Summary
kandi X-RAY | libfinite Summary
libfinite is a small and fast bignum library. In our tests (timing modular exponentiation, with modulus of 4096 bits), libfinite was only 3 (if compiled with clang), or 4 times slower (if compiled with gcc) than a libgmp and OpenSSL implementation. Not bad for an example that compiles to ~5KB of code! Furthermore, libfinite can be compiled with arbitrary limb sizes. For example, if you need this code to run on a 16 bit processor, you could set BN_LIMB_SIZE to 8 in config.h. However, if you want maximum speed, use BN_LIMB_SIZE of 64. Bignum library for arithmetic in Z/nZ (the positive half, since we don't care about signs) which can also be used to describe operations over some finite field GF(p) (F_p). Note that in some of the cases below, the use of a finite field can be substituted for a more general Z/nZ. This implements Diffie-Hellman key exchange. Given an elliptic curve in Weierstrass form (y^2 = x^3 + ax + b) over a finite field, this gives a representation of the group of points on the elliptic curve, i.e. point addition, point doubling, multiplication by a number. This implements the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA). This implements Elliptic Curve Nyberg Rueppel (ECNR), the Nyberg-Rueppel signature scheme over the elliptic curve group. This implements the Nyberg-Rueppel signature scheme over a finite field. Given a Pell conic (x^2 - Dy^2 = 1) over a finite field, this gives a representation of the group of points on the Pell conic, i.e. point addition, multiplication by a number. Assuming the finite field is F_p, the parameter D should be a non-square in the field since then the group is known to be isomorphic to the multiplicative subgroup of F_p^2. Otherwise it will simply be isomorphic to the multiplicative subgroup of F_p. This implements Pell Conic Nyberg Rueppel (PCNR), the Nyberg-Rueppel signature scheme over the Pell conic group. This implements operations for the ring of polynomials R over some finite field F_p (R = F_p[X]), i.e. addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and remainder. Given a polynomial ring R and a polynomial I in R, this implements operations for the polynomial quotient ring R/(I), i.e. addition, subtraction, multiplication, inversion, exponentiation. This can be used to construct a representation of certain finite fields, e.g. F_q where q = p^n, p prime, n some positive integer, i.e. take I to be an irreducible polynomial of degree n over the finite field F_p. This implements Shamir's Secret Sharing.
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QUESTION
I recently came across this problem:
You are given two strings, s1 and s2, comprised entirely of lowercase letters 'a' through 'r', and need to process a series of queries. Each query provides a subset of lowercase English letters from 'a' through 'r'. For each query, determine whether s1 and s2, when restricted only to the letters in the query, are equal. s1 and s2 can contain up to 10^5 characters, and there are up to 10^5 queries.
For instance, if s1 is "aabcd" and s2 is "caabd", and you are asked to process a query with the subset "ac", then s1 becomes "aac" while s2 becomes "caa". These don't match, so the query would return false.
I was able to solve this in O(N^2) time by doing the following: For each query, I checked if s1 and s2 would be equal by iterating through both strings, one character at a time, skipping the characters that do not lie within the subset of allowed characters, and checking to see if the "allowed" characters from both s1 and s2 match. If at some point, the characters don't match, then the strings are not equal. Otherwise, the s1 and s2 are equal when restricted only to letters in the query. Each query takes O(N) time to process, and there are N queries, for a total of O(N^2) time.
However, I was told that there was a way to solve this faster in O(N). Does anyone know how this might be done?
...ANSWER
Answered 2022-Mar-28 at 11:30The first obvious speedup is to ensure your set membership test is O(1). To do that, there's a couple of options:
- Represent every letter as a single bit -- now every character is an 18-bit value with only one bit set. The set of allowed characters is now a mask with these bits ORed together and you can test membership of a character with a bitwise-AND;
- Alternatively, you can have an 18-value array and index it by character (
c - 'a'would give a value between 0 and 17). The test for membership is then basically the cost of an array lookup (and you can save operations by not doing the subtraction -- instead just make the array larger and index directly by character.
The next potential speedup is to recognize that any character which does not appear exactly the same number of times in both strings will instantly be a failed match. You can count all character frequencies in both strings with a histogram which can be done in O(N) time. In this way, you can prune the search space if such a character were to appear in the query, and you can test for this in constant time.
Of course, that won't help for a real stress-test which will guarantee that all possible letters have a frequency matched in both strings. So, what do you do then?
Well, you extend the above premise by recognizing that for any position of character x in string 1 and some position of that character in string 2 that would be a valid match (i.e the same number of character x appears in both strings up to their respective positions), then the total count of any other character up to those positions must also be equal. For any character where that is not true, it cannot possibly be compatible with character x.
Let's start by thinking about this in terms of a technique known as memoization where you can leverage precomputed or partially-computed information and get a whole lot out of it. So consider two strings like this:
QUESTION
It is a number whose gcd of (sum of quartic power of its digits, the product of its digits) is more than 1. eg. 123 is a special number because hcf of(1+16+81, 6) is more than 1.
I have to find the count of all these numbers that are below input n. eg. for n=120 their are 57 special numbers between (1 and 120)
I have done a code but its very slow can you please tell me to do it in some good and fast way. Is there is any way to do it using some maths.
...ANSWER
Answered 2022-Mar-06 at 18:14The critical observation is that the decimal representations of special numbers constitute a regular language. Below is a finite-state recognizer in Python. Essentially we track the prime factors of the product (gcd > 1 being equivalent to having a prime factor in common) and the residue of the sum of powers mod 2×3×5×7, as well as a little bit of state to handle edge cases involving zeros.
From there, we can construct an explicit automaton and then count the number of accepting strings whose value is less than n using dynamic programming.
QUESTION
I need to calculate the square root of some numbers, for example √9 = 3 and √2 = 1.4142. How can I do it in Python?
The inputs will probably be all positive integers, and relatively small (say less than a billion), but just in case they're not, is there anything that might break?
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Note: This is an attempt at a canonical question after a discussion on Meta about an existing question with the same title.
...ANSWER
Answered 2022-Feb-04 at 19:44math.sqrt()
The math module from the standard library has a sqrt function to calculate the square root of a number. It takes any type that can be converted to float (which includes int) as an argument and returns a float.
QUESTION
I write a mathematical function to be benchmark function in my optimization algorithm.
...ANSWER
Answered 2022-Feb-12 at 13:14In the platform that produces “-4,09139395927863E+154”, the Math.Cos routine is broken. It apparently uses a processor instruction that does not support operands outside [−2−63, +2−63].
Since I do not use C#, here is a C program that reproduces the correct behavior:
QUESTION
In particular, it must work with NaNs as std::copysign does. Similarly, I need a constexpr std::signbit.
ANSWER
Answered 2021-Sep-20 at 19:54If you can use std::bit_cast, you can manipulate floating point types cast to integer types. The portability is limited to the representation of double, but if you can assume the IEEE 754 double-precision binary floating-point format, cast to uint64_t and using sign bit should work.
QUESTION
I'm working on some heavy algorithm, and now I'm trying to make it multithreaded. It has a loop with 2 nested loops:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Dec-20 at 09:25A third attempt:
I've taken your code, and at last got it to run properly (in python):
QUESTION
I would like to make the following sequence in R, by using rep or any other function.
ANSWER
Answered 2022-Jan-04 at 15:43Use sequence.
QUESTION
I am trying to achieve a calculation involving geometric progression (split). Is there any effective/efficient way of doing it. The data set has millions of rows. I need the column "Traded_quantity"
Marker Action Traded_quantity 2019-11-05 09:25 0 0 09:35 2 BUY 3 09:45 0 0 09:55 1 BUY 4 10:05 0 0 10:15 3 BUY 56 10:24 6 BUY 8128turtle = 2 (User defined)
base_quantity = 1 (User defined)
...ANSWER
Answered 2022-Jan-22 at 10:09This should work
QUESTION
I want to create a polynomial ring which has float Coefficients like this. I can create with integers but, Floats does not work.
...ANSWER
Answered 2022-Jan-18 at 23:30While I do not have previous experience with this particular (from appearances, rather sophisticated) package Oscar.jl, parsing this error message tells me that the function you are trying to call is being given a BigFloat as input, but simply does not have a method for that type.
At first this was a bit surprising given that there are no BigFloats in your input, but after a bit of investigation, it appears that the culprit is the following
QUESTION
I don't know if this is possible, but I am trying to take the image of a custom outdoor football field layout and have the players' GPS coordinates correspond to the image xand y position. This way, it can be viewed via the app to show the players' current location on the field as a sort of live tracking.
I have also looked into this Convert GPS coordinates to coordinate plane. The problem is that I don't know if this would work and wanted to confirm beforehand. The image provided in the post was for indoor location, and it was from 11 years ago.
I used Location and Google Maps packages for flutter. The player's latitude and longitude correspond to the actual latitude and longitude that the simulator in the android studio shows when tested.
The layout in question and a close comparison to the result I am looking for.
Any help on this matter would be appreciated highly, and thanks in advance for all the help.
Edit:
After looking more at the matter I tried the answer of this post GPS Conversion - pixel coords to GPS coords, but it wasn't working as intended. I took some points on the image and the correspond coordinates, and followed the same logic that the answer used, but reversed it to give me the actual image X, Ypositions.
The formula that was given in the post above:
...ANSWER
Answered 2022-Jan-12 at 08:20First of All, Yes you can do this with high accuracy if the GPS coordinates are accurate.
Second, the main problem is rotation if the field are straight with lat lng lines this would be easy and straightforward (no bun intended).
The easy way is to convert coordinate to rotated image similar to the real field then rotated every X,Y point to the new straight image. (see the image below)
Here is how to rotate x,y knowing the angel:
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