LUI | Lightweight User Interface for Panda3D | Game Engine library

My question is: what is the actual "formula" of how exactly you get the entry point address of the _start procedure as an offset from byte 0?

First, forget about sections. Only segments matter at runtime.

Second, use readelf -Wl to look at segments. They tell you exactly which chunk of file ([.p_offset, .p_offset + .p_filesz)) goes into which in-memory region ([.p_vaddr, .p_vaddr + .p_memsz)).

The exact calculation of "at which offset in the file does _start reside" is:

1. Find Elf32_Phdr which "covers" the address contained in Elf32_Ehdr.e_entry.
2. Using that phdr, file offset of _start is: ehdr->e_entry - phdr->p_vaddr + phdr->p_offset.

Update:

So, am I always looking for the 1st program header?

No.

Also by "covers" you mean that the 1st phdr->p_vaddr is always equal to e_entry?

No.

You are looking for a the program header (describing relationship between in-memory and on-file data) which overlaps the ehdr->e_entry in memory. That is, you are looking for the segment for which phdr->p_vaddr <= ehdr->e_entry && ehdr->e_entry < phdr->p_vaddr + phdr->p_memsz. This segment is often the first, but that is in no way guaranteed. See also this answer.

I believe the main problem is with the format of the dataframe; your data is in 'wide' format, but ggplot2 works a lot better with 'long' format. You can pivot your dataframe from 'wide' to 'long' with the pivot_longer() function from the tidyr package, e.g.

I'm used to work with Botframework with .net, but i think the overall mechanism will not differ too much from the node.

In the .net implementation of BotBuilder, like you said, all the dialogs instances are stored in a single instance on the application start to avoid a load of dialog instances running with almost the same data.

To avoid mix information between dialogs instances, you have some options:

• Use state management to store contextual data like conversationData, for example, for conversation wide domain information and share data between all the dialogs;
• Or you can store dialog domain information with the stepContext.options and it will be recoverable in any step while the dialog stays in the stack (before you hit the final step, call endDialog or replaceDialog).

Here some information on how to store data:
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/bot-service/bot-builder-howto-v4-storage?view=azure-bot-service-4.0&tabs=javascript

Partial answer, to the "is there a bug" part, not the name of the code-model in the MIPS64 ABI.

Turns out the [compiler-explorer] tag was relevant after all: It was hiding a

If I understood you correctly, then perhaps this example below can help you:

This is the regular expression to replace all dashes.

how does the processor know which address to start fetching instructions from?

The actual CPU itself will have some hard-wired address that it fetches from on reset / power-on. Usually a system will be designed with ROM or flash at that phys address. (That ROM might have early-boot code for an ELF program loader which will respect the ELF entry-point metadata to set up an ELF kernel image from ROM, or you could just link a flat binary with the right code at the start of the binary.)

What is going on here? I thought I'd have a simple single line of hex, but there's a lot more going on.

Your objdump -D disassembles all ELF sections, not just .text. As you can see, there is only one instruction in the .text section, and if you used objdump -d that's what you'd see. (I normally use objdump -drwC, although -w no line-wrapping is probably irrelevant for RISC-V, unlike x86 where a single insn can be long.)

Would it be possible to pass the file I compiled above as is to my processor?

Not in the way you're probably thinking. Also note that you chose the wrong file name for the output. as produces an object file (normally .o), not an executable. You could link with ld into a flat binary, or link and objcopy the .text section out of it.

(You could in theory put a whole ELF executable or even object file into ROM such that the .text section happens to start where the CPU will fetch from, but nothing will look at the metadata bytes. So the ELF entry-point address metadata in an ELF executable would be irrelevant.)

Difference between a .o and an executable: a .o just has relocation metadata for the linker to fill in actual addresses, absolute for la pseudo-instructions, or relative for auipc in cases like multiple .o files where one references a symbol from the other. (Otherwise the relative displacement could be calculated at assemble time, not left for link time.)

So if you had code that used any labels for memory addresses, you'd need the linker to fill in those relocation entries in your code. Then you could objcopy some sections out of a linked ELF executable. Or use a linker script to set the layout for your flat binary.

For your simple case with only an add, no la or anything, there are no relocation entries so the text section in the .o is the same as in a linked executable.

Also tricky to get right with objcopy is static data, e.g. .data and .bss sections. If you copy just the .text section to a flat binary, you won't have data anywhere. (But in a ROM, you'd need a startup function that copies static initializers from ROM to RAM for .data, and zeros the .bss space. If you want to write the asm source to have a normal-looking .data section with non-zero values, you'd want your build scripts to figure out the size to copy so your startup function can use it, instead of having to manually do all that.)

There are 2 different ways to do this, First is to use roles for a prebuilt entity, go into the number prebuilt, click on Roles, add 2 different roles.

one for Amount another for Limit then you have to go in the utterances and label for the roles, you do that by going to the utterance, clicking on the @ symbol on the right, selecting the number prebuilt, selecting the role, then highlighting the numbers with that role.

Second approach is to use ML entities, create 2 ML entities, one for Amount one for Limit. Add the number as a feature and make it a required feature, and then go ahead and label the Amounts with the Amount entity and the limits with the Limit entity directly.

I'm Not Sure how GitHub pages are configed however they probably have cross-scripting disabled since it is a major security risk. When disabled third-party dependencies won't work often. so if your animation depends on any script outside the server then it won't work it could also be that the file structure changed when being uploaded.