infectious | Reed-Solomon forward error | Architecture library
kandi X-RAY | infectious Summary
kandi X-RAY | infectious Summary
Infectious implements Reed-Solomon forward error correction. It uses the Berlekamp-Welch error correction algorithm to achieve the ability to actually correct errors.
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QUESTION
I am trying to establish a method of estimating infectious disease parameters by comparing real epidemic curves with simulations of a stochastic SIR model. To construct the stochastic SIR model, I am using the deSolve package and instead of using fixed parameter values I would like to draw the parameter value used in the equations at each time point from a Poisson distribution centered on the original parameter values.
Using the parameter beta as an example, beta represents the average number of transmission events per capita and is the product of the average number of contacts and the probability that transmission occurs upon contact. Realistically, there is variation in the number of contacts a person will have and since transmission is also a probabilistic event there is variation surrounding this too. So even if the average transmission rate were to be 2.4 (for example), an individual can go on to infect 0, 1, 2 or 3 ... etc. people with varying probabilities.
I have tried to incorporate this into my code below using the rpois function and reassigning the parameters used in the equations to the outputs of the rpois.
I have run my code with the same initial values and parameters multiple times and all the curves are different indicating that SOMETHING "stochastic" is going on, but I am unsure whether the code is sampling using the rpois at each time point or just once at the beginning. I have only started coding very recently so do not have much experience.
I would be grateful if anyone more experienced than myself could verify what my code is ACTUALLY doing and whether it is sampling using rpois at each time point or not. If not I would be grateful for any suggestions for achieving this. Perhaps a loop is needed?
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-31 at 18:14The code given in the question runs the model with constant parameters over time. Here an example with parameters varying over time. However, this setting assumes that for a given time step, the parameters are equal for all indidividuals of the pupolation. If you want to have individual variability, one can either use a matrix formulation for different sub-populations or use an individual model instead.
Model with fluctuating population parameters:
QUESTION
On this page a SIR model in R is shown, https://rstudio-pubs-static.s3.amazonaws.com/382648_93783f69a2fd4df98ade8751c21abbad.html, the solution of it and the optimization of the $\beta$ and $\gamma$ parameter is also executed. (see below)
In this code both $\beta$ and $\gamma$ are assumed to be constant over the whole time. What I want is to to have a time varying beta, it does not need to change each day, we have fourteen days of data, it would suffice if it would change after seven days, i.e we have $\beta_1$ for days[0:6] and $\beta_2$ for days[7:13] and then do the optimization algorithm like below for both, i.e. in the end I want to receive a vector for the optimal values of (\beta_1, \beta_2, \gamma) whereas gamma stayed constant the whole time. Would it be possible with a modification of the code given? If yes could someone help how to modify it to receive the desired output.
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-May-03 at 01:07This is certainly possible. All you need is an if
statement in your gradient function:
QUESTION
I am stumped on my assignment currently. I am working with Generics and am getting an error and I don't understand why it's arising. Any help would be much appreciated!
Here is the error:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Apr-10 at 19:59In your code, N extends the Object class (see error), which happens when no explicit superclass is defined for your generic. That means that it only has access to the functions and variables of that class. As far as I know, the Object class does not define a method called getLabel()
so you should probably restrict the type parameter to something like
QUESTION
I have a list like that
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Mar-29 at 13:51This update is to fulfil the following requirement mentioned by the OP as a comment below the answer:
I would like each word as a separate element in the List. With your solution, all the elements are in the same List entry. For example, I would like 10000=[sub-Saharan, Africa, and, Australia.]
In order to achieve this, you should not split the string of words.
Demo:
QUESTION
I use Google Cloud Speech Transcription as following :
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Mar-25 at 11:34As I mentioned in the comments, the Video Intelligence transcripts are splits with roughly 50-60 seconds from the video.
I have created a Public Issue Tracker case, link, so the product team can clarify this information within the documentation. Although, I do not have an eta for this request, I encourage you to follow the case's thread.
QUESTION
I'm using case_when (dplyr) in a multiple variable dataframe to get the first requested endpoint for each patient. Endpoint1:Endpoint7 is a data-table in which possible endpoints are named (i.e. hospital visit, sick, dead etc.). For each patient, these are chronological, thus Endpoint1 always would've happened before Endpoint2. 'deathlist' is a list of the specific outcomes that I want to get. The code below works well.
I want to check whether it's possible to shorten the following code so that Endpoint1:Endpoint7 are applied in a loop. However, I've failed to do so. Is anyone capable of doing so? I'm using similar codes multiple times ('deathlist' and the replacing variable change); thus if Endpoint1 is 'infectious', the corresponding DateEndpoint1 will be given.
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Mar-23 at 10:49This can be done with rowwise()
and c_across()
QUESTION
I have a simple dataset containing the "date in" and "date out" of a healthcare facility, and date type (inpatient, outpatient, and infectious period) for each patient. I need to determine if a patient overlapped with an infectious period of another patient. I can typically do this using the lubridate
package's interval
and int_overlaps
functions. My specific issue is when there are multiple infectious periods that do not overlap.
I am using R. Code to reproduce sample data and the figure is below.
I want to flag each visit with a logical T/F if it falls within the interval of an infectious period. The below figure may help visualize these data. Red rectangles are inpatient stays, and red circles are outpatient visits. The purple is the infectious period during a patient's inpatient stay. Only inpatient/outpatient visit that overlap with a purple interval should be flagged (i.e., with a logical TRUE
or FALSE
). Ideally the patient that is causing the infectious period would not be flagged (i.e. the long inpatient stay for K00005
would return F
, but I can work around that if that causes complications.
I have tried:
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Feb-16 at 00:40Here is a freshcode Base R approach (no libraries) using a very basic for loop. If the patient checked in while there was an infection (started_during
), or left while there was an infection (ended_during
), or was inpatient while a infectious period began and ended (in_during
) it should flag the overlap as TRUE.
QUESTION
I run an infectious disease spread model similar to "VIRUS" model in the model library changing the "infectiousness".
I did 20 runs each for infectiousness values 98% , 95% , 93% and the Maximum infected count was 74.05 , 73 ,78.9 respectively. (peak was at tick 38 for all 3 infectiousness values)
[I took the average of the infected count for each tick and took the maximum of these averages as the "maximum infected".]
I was expecting the maximum infected count to decrease when the infectiousness is reduced, but it didn't. As per what I understood this happens, because I considered the average values of each simulation run. (It is like I am considering a new simulation run with average infected count for each tick ).
I want to say that, I am considering all 20 simulation runs. Is there a way to do that other than the way I used the average?
...ANSWER
Answered 2021-Jan-29 at 18:49In the Models Library Virus model with default parameter settings at other values, and those high infectiousness values, what I see when I run the model is a periodic variation in the numbers three classes of person. Look at the plot in the lower left corner, and you'll see this. What is happening, I believe, is this:
When there are many healthy, non-immune people, that means that there are many people who can get infected, so the number of infected people goes up, and the number of healthy people goes down.
Soon after that, the number of sick, infectious people goes down, because they either die or become immune.
Since there are now more immune people, and fewer infectious people, the number of non-immune healthy grows; they are reproducing. (See "How it works" in the Info tab.) But now we have returned to the situation in step 1, ... so the cycle continues.
If your model is sufficiently similar to the Models Library Virus model, I'd bet that this is part of what's happening. If you don't have a plot window like the Virus model, I recommend adding it.
Also, you didn't say how many ticks you are running the model for. If you run it for a short number of ticks, you won't notice the periodic behavior, but that doesn't mean it hasn't begun.
What this all means that increasing infectiousness wouldn't necessarily increase the maximum number infected: a faster rate of infection means that the number of individuals who can infected drops faster. I'm not sure that the maximum number infected over the whole run is an interesting number, with this model and a high infectiousness value. It depends what you are trying to understand.
One of the great things about NetLogo and some other ABM systems is that you can watch the system evolve over time, using various tools such as plots, monitors, etc. as well as just looking at the agents move around or change states over time. This can help you understand what is going on in a way that a single number like an average won't. Then you can use this insight to figure out a more informative way of measuring what is happening.
Another model where you can see a similar kind of periodic pattern is Wolf-Sheep Predation. I recommend looking at that. It may be easier to understand the pattern. (If you are interested in mathematical models of this kind of phenomenon, look up Lotka-Volterra models.)
(Real virus transmission can be more complicated, because a person (or other animal) is a kind of big "island" where viruses can reproduce quickly. If they reproduce too quickly, this can kill the host, and prevent further transmission of the virus. Sometimes a virus that reproduces more slowly can harm more people, because there is time for them to infect others. This blog post by Elliott Sober gives a relatively simple mathematical introduction to some of the issues involved, but his simple mathematical models don't take into account all of the complications involved in real virus transmission.)
EDIT: You added a comment Lawan, saying that you are interested in modeling COVID-19 transmission. This paper, Variation and multilevel selection of SARS‐CoV‐2 by Blackstone, Blackstone, and Berg, suggests that some of the dynamics that I mentioned in the preceding remarks might be characteristic of COVID-19 transmission. That paper is about six months old now, and it offered some speculations based on limited information. There's probably more known now, but this might suggest avenues for further investigation.
If you're interested, you might also consider asking general questions about virus transmission on the Biology Stackexchange site.
QUESTION
I am trying to simulate the transmission of viruses in a population using the function ode
from the deSolve
package. The basic of my model is a SIR model and I posted a much simpler demo of my model here, which consists of only three states S(susceptible), I(infectious) and R(recovered). Each state is represented by a m*n matrix in my code, since I have m age groups and n subpopulations in my population.
The problem is: during the simulation period, there will be several vaccination activities that transfer people in state S to state I. Each vaccination activity is characterized by a begin date, an end date, its coverage rate and duration. What I want to do is once the time t falls into the interval of begin date and end date of one vaccination activity, the code calculates the effective vaccination rate (also a m*n matrix, based on coverage rate and duration) and times it with S (m*n matrix), to get a matrix of people transited to state I. Right now, I am using if()
to decide if time t is between a begin date and a end date:
ANSWER
Answered 2020-Dec-02 at 22:02Element wise operations are the same for matrices and vectors, so the as.matrix
conversions are redundant, as no true matrix multiplication is used. Same with the rep
: the zero is recycled anyway.
In effect, CPU time reduces already to 50%. In contrast, use of an external forcing with approxTime
instead of the inner if
and for
made the model slower (not shown).
QUESTION
I am using the package bsplus to make tool tips in a shiny/flexhdashboard environment but I'm finding some of them are hidden or hidden partially from sight. Why?
e.g.:
...ANSWER
Answered 2020-Nov-26 at 16:26I can't really say if this works, because you example is not fully reproducible, but according to this answer it can be solved using a data-container="body"
attribute.
Luckily bsplus make this very easy: just add container='body'
to bs_embed_tooltip()
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